Table 1.
Summary of results for ‘vaccine - infection - long COVID’ studies.
| Author and Country of Origin | Study Design and Study Period |
Sample Size | Median Age (Range) | Cases | Controls | Objective Assessment of Symptoms | Post-Acute Symptoms Reported | Vaccine Information (Product, Dose, Follow-up Period) | Impact of Vaccine on Symptoms Associated with long-COVID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simon et al. 202119 United States of America |
Retrospective cohort Study Period: ND |
n = 2392 Female = 1504 Hospitalized = 175 |
0 to >65 year Median age: ND |
2392 vaccinated |
2392 unvaccinated | Arcadia Data Research | Chest Pain Palpitations Altered mental state Anorexia Chills Fatigue Fever Malaise Loss of sense of Smell Loss of sense of taste Nasal congestion Sore throat Abdominal pain Diarrhoea Digestive changes Nausea and/or Vomiting Arthralgia Muscle weakness General weakness Myalgia Headache Cough Dyspnea |
Product: BNT162b2, mRNA 1273, Ad26.COV2.S Dose: at least one Follow-up: 20 weeks |
OR (95%CI) Any symptom Prior to COVID-19 OR 0.22 (0.196–0.245) >1 symptom Prior to COVID-19 OR 0.113 (0.09–0.143) |
| Antonelli et al. 202220 United Kingdom |
Case control December 8, 2020 to July 4, 2021 |
n = 9462 | Mean age: 52.9 years |
Individuals with positive COVID-19 test at least 14 days after their first vaccination dose or 7 days after their second vaccination dose and had no positive test before vaccination | Unvaccinated participants reporting a positive SARS-CoV-2 test | COVID-19 Symptom Study App (UK Department of Health and Social Care) |
Fever Persistent cough Loss of smell Fatigue Headache Sore throat Dizziness Chills or shivers Hoarse voice Brain fog Unusual muscle pains Eye soreness Diarrhoea Shortness of breath Chest pain Nausea Tinnitus Abdominal pain Earache |
Product: BNT162b2, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and mRNA 1273 Dose: Two doses Follow-up: At least 14 days after first dose of vaccination and at least 7 days after second dose of vaccination |
OR (p-value) All age groups Symptoms lasting ≥28 day D1: 1.03 (0.78) D2: 0.51(0.006) Younger adults (18–59 years) Symptoms lasting ≥28 day D1: 1.22 (0.14) D2: 0.37 (0.025) Older adults (60+ years) Symptoms lasting ≥28 day D1: 0.87 (0.29) D2: 0.56 (0.044) |
| Senjam et al. 202121 India |
Cross-sectional June 16 to July 28, 2022 |
n = 773 Female = 337 Male = 436 Hospitalized = 51 |
Median age: 34 years | 366 vaccinated | 407 unvaccinated | A semi-structured questionnaire was developed for the study purpose. The questionnaire was digitized using Google forms. | Fatigue Joint pain Muscle Hair loss Headache Breathlessness Sleep disturbance Cough |
Product: Not reported Dose: Two doses Follow-up: Not reported |
aOR (95%CI) Vaccinated: OR 0.65 (0.45–0.96) Unvaccinated: OR 0.55 (0.37–085) |
| Ayoubkhani et al. 202222 United Kingdom |
Prospective Cohort Study Period: ND |
n = 6180 Female = 3335 Hospitalized = N/A |
Mean (SD) Vaccinated: 49.0 (12.0) years Unvaccinated: 46.7 (11.2) years |
3090 double vaccinated | 3090 unvaccinated | UK COVID-19 Infection Survey | ND | Product: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, BNT162b2, and mRNA 1273 Dose: Two doses Median follow-up Vaccinated: 96 days (IQR: 90 to 104) Unvaccinated: 98 days (IQR: 89 to 109) |
aOR (95%CI) Long-COVID of any severity: aOR 0.59 (0.50 to 0.69) |
| Al-Aly et al. 202223 United States of America |
Retrospective cohort March 1, 2020 and January 15, 2021 |
n = 13,369,073 BTI: n=33,940 Contemporary controls n = 4,983,491 Historical controls n = 5,785,273 Vaccinated controls n = 2,566, 369 Females = 1,300, 744 Hospitalized = 4478 |
BTI: 66.6 (13.8) years SARS-COV-2 infection: 57.8 (15.9) years Contemporary control: 63.3 (16.6) years Vaccinated control: 67.7 (14.3) years Historical control: 61.8 (17.3) years |
33,940 vaccinated with BTI BNT162b2n=16,271 mRNA 1273 n=13,726 Ad26.COV2.S n=3943 |
People with SARS-CoV-2 infection and no prior history of vaccination n = 1,13,474 |
National healthcare databases of the US Department of Veterans Affairs |
Cardiovascular, coagulation and hematologic gastrointestinal kidney mental health metabolic musculoskeletal neurologic disorders |
Product: Ad26.COV2.S Dose: One Product: BNT162b2 Dose: Two Product: mRNA 1273 Dose: One Follow-up: within 6 months |
BTI: Risk of death HR: 0.66 (0.58–0.74) burden of -10.99 (−13.45 to −8.22) Post-acute sequelae HR = 0.85 (0.82, 0.89) burden of -43.38 (−53.22 to −33.31) **negative values denote reduced burden in BTI relative to SARS-CoV-2 infection |
| Taquet et al. 202224 United States of America |
Retrospective Cohort January 1, 2021 to August 31, 2021 |
n = 18,958 Female = 11,437 Hospitalized = No Data |
Mean (SD), at infection: Vaccinated: 56.5 (18.0) years Unvaccinated: 57.6 (20.6) years |
9479 participants vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine | 9479 participants unvaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine but with influenza vaccine at any time | TriNetX Analytics (Federated Network of Linked Electronic Health Records) |
Abdominal symptoms Abnormal breathing Anxiety/Depression Chest/Throat Pain Cognitive symptoms Fatigue Headache Myalgia Other pain |
Product: BNT162b2, mRNA 1273 Ad26.COV2.S, unspecified subtype Dose: 1-2 Follow-up: within 6 months |
Fatigue (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81–0.97) Myalgia (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.67-0.91) Pain (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.81-0.99) Abnormal breathing (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81–0.98) Cognitive symptoms (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.76–0.99) HR for other symptoms were not reported |
ND - no data; aOR - adjusted odds ratio; SD - standard deviation; OR - odds ratio; HR - hazard ratio; RR - risk ratio; BTI - breakthrough infections