|
Toxic effects
|
| Deng et al., 2018 (ref. 134) |
- 28 days mice study |
- Tissue accumulation in liver, kidney, gut |
- For critical comments refer to 135 and 136
|
| - PS 5 & 20 μm |
- Inflammation and lipid accumulation in liver |
| - 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 mg per day |
| - Daily oral gavage |
- Oxidative stress in liver |
| Lu et al., 2018 (ref. 150) |
- 5 week mice study |
- Hepatic metabolism & gut microbiota disorder |
|
| - PS: 0.5 & 50 μm |
- Decrease of colonic mucus secretion & serum triglycerides |
- Partly from the same authors like Luo et al., 2019 |
| - 100 & 1000 μg L−1 (about 1.456 × 1010 particles per L for 0.5 μm and 1.456 × 104 particles per L for 50 μm) |
| - Direct drinking with continuous exposure for 5 weeks |
| - Particles were used as received |
- Water input not detected, unknown amount of PS intake |
| - Basic diet |
| Jin et al., 2019 (ref. 151) |
- 6 week mice study |
- Increase of bile acids and their metabolites in liver |
| - PS: 5 μm |
- Decrease of mucus secretion in colon |
| - 100 μg L−1 (approximately 1.456 × 106 particles per L) 1000 μg L−1 (approximately 1.456 × 107 particles per L) |
- Control group received water |
| - Direct drinking with continuous exposure for 6 weeks |
| - Particles were used as received, stock solutions were treated with ultrasound for 30 min |
| - Basic diet |
| Luo et al., 2019 (ref. 152) |
- Mice study with maternal & offspring (F1, F2) mice |
- Changes in serum and hepatic markers |
- Partly from the same authors like Lu et al., 2018 and Jin et al., 2019 |
| - PS: 0.5 & 5 μm |
- Fatty acid and metabolic disorders in F1 offsprings |
- Water input not detected, unknown amount of PS intake |
| - 100 & 1000 μg L−1
|
- Gut microbiota dysbiosis and barrier dysfunction |
| - Maternal exposure during gestation (from GD 0 to production day) through drinking water, F1 & F2: No gavage |
- Unknown feed supply |
| - Particles were used as received, stock solutions were treated with ultrasound for 30 min |
| Luo et al., 2019 (ref. 153) |
- PS: 5 μm |
- Maternal metabolic disorder associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis and gut barrier dysfunction |
- Control group received water |
| - 100 & 1000 μg L−1
|
| - Maternal exposure during pregnancy and lactation (∼6 weeks) through drinking water, F1 & F2: No gavage |
| - Particles were used as received, stock solutions were treated with ultrasound for 30 min |
- Long-term metabolic consequences in the F1 and F2 generations |
| |
|
No toxic effects
|
| Stock et al., 2019 (ref. 132) |
- 28 days HOTT mice study |
- Minor uptake in intestinal cells |
- Different type of particle administration |
| - PS mixture: 1, 4 & 10 μm |
- Mice had altered genetic background |
| - 4.55 × 107 & 1.49 × 106 particles, 10 mL per kg per bw |
- No bioaccumulation in different tissues |
| - Oral gavage 3× per week |
- No inflammation, oxidative stress or toxic effects |
