Effect of gel-scaffold constructs on osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. (a) The viability of BMSCs treated with the extracts of gel-scaffold constructs for 1, 3 and 5 days. (b) mRNA expression of osteogenic-related genes (Runx-2, ALP, OCN and OPN) of BMSCs cultured for 7 and 14 days. (c) Mineralized matrix stained by Alizarin Red after BMSCs were treated with the extracts for 14 days. (d) OD values of the mineralized matrix measured at a wavelength of 562 nm for quantitative analysis. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.