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. 2022 Jun 14;36(9):2151–2164. doi: 10.1038/s41375-022-01618-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Cell-free DNA and circulating tumor DNA are released from malignant and non-malignant tissue into the blood stream and cerebrospinal fluid, where they can be accessed through blood draws and lumbar punctures. In lymphoma, ctDNA obtained from blood plasma or cerebrospinal fluid has been studied as a non- or minimal-invasive clinical biomarker. At the bottom, various aspects of cfDNA and ctDNA analyses in lymphoma patients are highlighted, including quantification of tumor burden and MRD monitoring during and after therapies, noninvasive tumor genotyping for lymphoma classification and characterization of tumor heterogeneity, and fragmentation patterns.