A list of FDA and EMA approved chemotherapeutic nucleosidic analogs.

Name	Structure	Statusa	Chemical modification	Targeted cancer	Mechanism of action
Fluorouracil		FDA approved (1962)	• Uracil modification by F-halogenation	• Colon, esophageal, stomach, pancreatic, breast, and cervical cancers	• Enzymatic inhibition	37
		EMA approved (NA)
Floxuridine		FDA approved (1970)	• Cytosine modification by F-halogenation	• Colon cancer	• Enzymatic inhibition	38
					• DNA synthesis inhibition
Cytarabine		FDA approved (1969)	• Replacement of the ribose sugar ring with an arabinose	• Acute myelogenous leukemia	• DNA polymerase inhibition	5
		EMA approved (2001)		• Lymphoblastic leukemia
Gemcitabine		FDA approved (1996)	• Sugar ring F-halogenation	• Pancreatic, lung, breast, and bladder cancers	• Enzymatic inhibition	7
		EMA approved (2008)
Azacitidine		FDA approved (2004)	• Cytosine modification by azotation	• Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)	• DNA hypomethylation	39
		EMA approved (2008)		• Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
Decitabine		FDA approved (2006)	• Cytosine modification by azotation	• Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)	• DNA hypomethylation	6
		EMA approved (2006)		• Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
Cladribine		FDA approved (1993)	• Adenine modification by Cl-halogenation	• Hairy-cell leukemia	• Enzymatic depletion	40
		EMA approved (2004)		• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	• ATP accumulation
Fludarabine		FDA approved (1991)	• Adenine modification by F-halogenation	• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia	• Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition	41
		EMA approved (2014)	• Replacement of the ribose sugar ring with an arabinose		• Enzymatic inhibition
Nelarabine		FDA approved (2005)	• Guanine by modification of a functional group	• T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma	• DNA synthesis inhibition	42
			• Sugar ring is an arabinose instead of ribose

^aApproval status was verified by the European Medicines Agency (http://www.ema.europa.eu) and the US Food and Drug Administration (http://www.fda.gov).