Table 1. Studies on the use of ketamine in different neurological disorders.

CPP: cerebral perfusion pressure; CSD: cortical spreading depolarization; DCI: delayed cerebral ischemia; ICP: intracranial pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure; NMDA: N-methyl D-aspartate; RCT: randomized controlled trial; RSE: refractory status epilepticus; SAH: subarachnoid hemorrhage; SRSE: super-refractory status epilepticus; TBI: traumatic brain injury

Study	Design	Number of patients	Target	Ketamine dose	Results
Migraine
Nicolodi and Sicuteri, 1995 [29]	RCT	17	Acute	0.08 mg/kg	Marked relief
Etchison et al., 2018 [30]	RCT	34	Acute	0.2 mg/kg	No difference
Pomeroy et al., 2016 [31]	Retrospective study	88	Refractory chronic migraine	0.1 mg/kg/h, max. 1 mg/kg/h	Short-term relief in 71% of subjects
Afridi et al., 2013 [34]	RCT	18	Migraine w/aura	25 mg intranasal	Reduced severity of aura compared to midazolam
Status epilepticus
Gaspard et al., 2013 [37]	Retrospective study	58	RSE	Max. 10 mg/kg/h	57% efficacy, safe agent
Rosati et al., 2018 [38]	Systemic review	238	RSE	0.07–15 mg/kg/h	70% efficacy
Alkhachroum et al., 2020 [39]	Retrospective study	68	SRSE	2.2 ± 1.8 mg/kg/h	Decreased seizure burden in 81%, complete cessation in 63%
Traumatic brain injury
Gregers et al., 2020 [41]	Systemic review	334	TBI	0.3–6 mg/kg/h	No adverse effect of ICP, no effect on CPP/MAP, reduction in CSD
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Von der Brelie et al., 2017 [43]	Retrospective study	65	SAH	Max. 500 mg/h	Decreased incidence of DCI (7.3% vs. 25%)
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
MacMohan et al., 2013 [45]	Case report	1	Dyskinesia	20 mg/h	Improved dyskinesia in encephalitis
Santoro et al., 2019 [46]	Case report	3	Status epilepticus	40–50 mg load, 3 mg/kg/h infusion	Complete cessation of seizures