TABLE 1.
Vascular markers, blood pressure, and continuous glucose measurement outcomes from a randomized, controlled cross‐over study with sedentary older men
| Intervention period | Control period | Mean difference (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vascular measurements | ||||
| CAR (%) a | 4.01 ± 2.41 | 1.78 ± 2.71 | 2.23 | (0.58, 3.89)* |
| Corrected CAR (equivalent %) a | 4.19 ± 2.39 | 1.51 ± 2.83 | 2.68 | (1.11, 4.19)** |
| CARnet iAUC (%*min) a | 42 ± 116 | 147 ± 106 | 104 | (35, 173)** |
| Carotid baseline diameter (mm) a | 7.76 ± 1.43 | 7.71 ± 1.35 | 0.05 | (−0.07, 0.18) |
| Brachial artery FMD (%) b | 6.87 ± 4.32 | 3.88 ± 3.19 | 2.99 | (0.58, 5.41)* |
| Corrected FMD (equivalent %) | 6.40 ± 4.05 | 4.19 ± 3.07 | 2.21 | (−1.69, 6.18) |
| Brachial baseline diameter (mm) b | 3.25 ± 0.34 | 3.59 ± 0.52 | −0.34 | (−0.45, −0.17)** |
| Carotid diastolic diameter (mm) a | 8.22 ± 1.02 | 8.08 ± 0.96 | 0.12 | (0.00, 0.25)* |
| Carotid systolic diameter (mm) a | 8.54 ± 1.11 | 8.52 ± 1.09 | 0.02 | (−0.09, 0.14) |
| Stiffness index β0 a | 7.4 ± 1.6 | 6.1 ± 2.1 | 1.1 | (0.3, 1.9)* |
| PWVc–f (m/s) | 12.6 ± 2 | 12.3 ± 1.8 | 0.4 | (−0.4, 1.2) |
| CAIxHR75 (%) | 19.5 ± 7.8 | 20.7 ± 7.4 | −0.8 | (−2.9, 1.4) |
| CRAE (μm) | 119 ± 27 | 115 ± 27 | 4 | (0, 7)* |
| CRVE (μm) | 194 ± 32 | 193 ± 33 | 1 | (−1, 3) |
| AVR ratio | 0.61 ± 0.1 | 0.60 ± 0.11 | 0.02 | (0.00, 0.03) |
| Office blood pressure | ||||
| Brachial SBP (mmHg) | 135 ± 8 | 139 ± 11 | −5 | (−8, 1) |
| Brachial DBP (mmHg) | 81 ± 7 | 85 ± 5 | −4 | (−6, −3)** |
| Brachial PP (mmHg) | 54 ± 7 | 53 ± 8 | 1 | (−3, 5) |
| MAP (mmHg) | 103 ± 7 | 107 ± 8 | −5 | (−7, −2)** |
| Central SBP (mmHg) | 118 ± 8 | 123 ± 11 | −4 | (−9, −1)* |
| Central DBP (mmHg) | 95 ± 7 | 99 ± 6 | −1 | (−6, −2)** |
| Central PP (mmHg) | 23 ± 4 | 24 ± 6 | −1 | (−3, 1) |
| HR (beats/min) | 57 ± 7 | 58 ± 8 | 0 | (−4, 2) |
| Ambulatory blood pressure | ||||
| 24‐h SBP (mmHg) | 126 ± 8 | 127 ± 9 | −2 | (−5, 1) |
| 24‐h DBP (mmHg) | 81 ± 5 | 82 ± 5 | 0 | (−4, 1) |
| 24‐h PP (mmHg) | 46 ± 6 | 46 ± 7 | −1 | (−1, 2) |
| 24‐h HR (beats/min) | 69 ± 9 | 71 ± 11 | 0 | (−4, 1) |
| CGM outcomes | ||||
| CGMAUC (mmol/L*h) a | 496 ± 103 | 477 ± 92 | 0 | (−7, 44) |
| CGMiAUC (mmol/L*h) a | 75 ± 37 | 75 ± 24 | 0 | (−20, 22) |
Note. Values are means ± SD. Effect size is reported as the difference between the intervention and control period with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI; analysis of variance with a period as a covariate): *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
Abbreviations: AVR, arteriolar‐to‐venular ratio; CAIxHR75, central augmentation index adjusted for heart rate; CAR, carotid artery reactivity; CGM, continuous glucose monitor; CRAE, central retinal arteriolar equivalent; CRVE, central retinal venular equivalent; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FMD, brachial artery flow‐mediated vasodilation; HR, heart rate; (i)AUC, (incremental) area under the curve; MAP, mean arterial pressure; net iAUC, net incremental area under the curve; PP, Pulse Pressure; PWVc–f, carotid‐to‐femoral pulse wave velocity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; Ye, Young's modulus of elasticity.
n = 14.
n = 16.