Fig. 1. Illustration of the synthesis of macrophage cell membrane-derived nanoghosts for macrophage reprogramming and their application; M0 macrophages are polarized by a conventional method before the cell membrane is extruded and isolated. M2NGs are prepared via self-assembly of the M2 polarized macrophage membrane. These M2NGs, carrying cytokines and chemokines, are able to reprogram M0 toward M2 macrophages, which could promote cell migration and proliferation in wound healing.
