Table 4.
Metabolic and clinical outcomes before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Outcomes | Overall, n = 354 |
Without prior decompensation, n = 271 |
With prior decompensation(s), n = 83 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-pandemic | Pandemic | p value | Pre-pandemic | Pandemic | p value | Pre-pandemic | Pandemic | p value | |
| Metabolic status | |||||||||
| Significant weight gain, n (%) | 40/331 (12.0) | 37/247 (14.9) | 0.31 | 32/259 (12.3) | 30/197 (15.2) | 0.37 | 8/72 (11.1) | 7/50 (14.0) | 0.63 |
| Poor control of T2D, n (%) | 49/353 (13.8) | 44/286 (15.3) | 0.59 | 39/271 (14.4) | 38/224 (16.9) | 0.43 | 10/82 (12.2) | 6/62 (9.6) | 0.63 |
| Poor control of arterial hypertension, n (%) | 13/354 (3.6) | 20/301 (6.6) | 0.08 | 11/271 (4.0) | 15/251 (6.0) | 0.31 | 2/83 (2.4) | 5/70 (7.1) | 0.06 |
| Poor control of dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 80/354 (22.6) | 76/333 (22.8) | 0.94 | 68/271 (25.1) | 65/261 (24.9) | 0.96 | 12/83 (14.4) | 11/72 (15.2) | 0.88 |
| Overall worsening of metabolic status, n (%) | 136/354 (38.4) | 154/334 (46.1) | 0.041 | 111/271 (40.9) | 123/262 (46.9) | 0.16 | 25/83 (30.1) | 31/72 (43.0) | 0.09 |
| Delayed outcomes, n (%) | 1/354 (0.3) | 4/334 (1.2) | 0.006 | 0 | 3/262 (1.15) | ∗ | 1/83 (1.2) | 1/72 (1.4) | 0.3 |
| Type of delayed outcomes, n (% to all outcomes) | |||||||||
| Delayed HCC diagnosis, n (%) | 0 | 4 (100) | ∗ | 0 | 3 (100) | ∗ | 0 | 1 (100) | ∗ |
| Delayed varices treatment, n (%) | 1 (100) | 0 | ∗ | 0 | 0 | ∗ | 1 (100) | 0 | ∗ |
| Type of LRE | |||||||||
| Ascites, n (%) | 36/354 (10.1) | 31/309 (10.0) | 0.95 | 12/271 (4.4) | 21/255 (8.2) | 0.07 | 24/83 (28.0) | 10/54 (18.5) | 0.16 |
| HE, n (%) | 29/354 (8.1) | 23/315 (7.3) | 0.66 | 9/271 (3.3) | 10/257 (3.8) | 0.72 | 20/83 (24.1) | 13/58 (22.4) | 0.81 |
| Upper gastrointestinal bleeding, n (%) | 8/354 (2.2) | 8/327 (2.4) | 0.87 | 3/271 (1.1) | 3/260 (1.1) | 0.91 | 5/83 (6.0) | 5/62 (7.4) | 0.63 |
| SBP, n (%) | 4/354 (1.1) | 7/333 (2.1) | 0.21 | 2/271 (0.7) | 3/262 (1.1) | 0.43 | 2/83 (2.4) | 4/71 (5.6) | 0.09 |
| HCC, n (%) | 9/354 (2.5) | 9/326 (2.7) | 0.85 | 5/271 (1.8) | 8/257 (3.1) | 0.34 | 4/83 (4.8) | 1/69 (1.4) | 0.02 |
| Liver transplant, n (%) | 0 | 1 (100) | ∗ | 0 | 1 (100) | ∗ | 0 | 0 | ∗ |
| Total individuals with any LRE, n (%) | 59/354 (16.7) | 65/334 (19.4) | 0.34 | 20/271 (7.3) | 35/262 (13.3) | 0.02 | 39/83 (46.9) | 30/72 (41.6) | 0.50 |
| CV events, n (%) | 9/354 (2.5) | 6/334 (1.8) | 0.5 | 6/271 (2.2) | 3/262 (1.1) | 0.24 | 3/83 (3.6) | 3/72 (4.1) | 0.8 |
| Type of CV event, n (% to all CV) | |||||||||
| Stroke | 1 (11.1) | 1 (16.6) | 1 (16.6) | 1 (33.3) | 0 | 0 | |||
| Ischemic heart disease | 5 (55.5) | 1 (16.6) | 3 (50.0) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.6) | 0 | |||
| Other | 3 (33.3) | 4 (66.6) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | 3 (100) | |||
| Mortality, n (%) | 20/354 (5.6) | 28/334 (8.3) | 0.15 | 9/271 (3.3) | 16/262 (6.1) | 0.12 | 11/83 (13.2) | 12/72 (16.6) | 0.55 |
| Cause of death, n (% to all death) | |||||||||
| Liver-related | 10 (50.0) | 7 (25.0) | 5 (55.5) | 1 (6.2) | 5 (45.4) | 6 (50) | |||
| CV | 2 (10.0) | 2 (7.1) | 0 | 1 (6.2) | 2 (18.1) | 1 (8.3) | |||
| Extrahepatic cancer | 1 (5.0) | 3 (10.7) | 1 (11.1) | 2 (12.5) | 0 | 1 (8.3) | |||
| COVID-19 | 0 (0) | 9 (32.1) | 0 | 9 (56.2) | 0 | 0 | |||
| Other | 7 (35.0) | 7 (25.0) | 3 (33.3) | 3 (18.7) | 4 (36.3) | 4 (33.3) | |||
| Composite endpoint (any clinical outcome), n (%) | 71/354 (20.0) | 82/334 (24.5) | 0.15 | 29/271 (10.7) | 49/262 (20.0) | 0.009 | 42/83 (50.6) | 33/72 (45.8) | 0.55 |
All comparisons were performed using the test on the equality of proportions. A p <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
CV, cardiovascular; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HE, hepatic encephalopathy; LRE, liver-related event; SBP, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; T2D, type 2 diabetes.