Fig. 1. Mechanism details and the morphology of the CDs. (A) A schematic illustration of PL and ECL emission from CDs: a comparison of the PL and ECL mechanisms involving CDs (left) and a schematic mechanism of reductive-oxidative (R–O) ECL from CDs (right). (B, C) Low-magnification and high-magnification TEM images of CDs. (D) An AFM image of CDs deposited on a silicon slice (inset: the height profile along the line shown in the topographic image of the CDs). (E) A particle size distribution histogram from the CDs.
