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. 2022 Aug 27;14:107. doi: 10.1186/s13148-022-01323-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Representation of α-hemolysin from Staph aureus. Reprinted from [91] with permission of the publisher (CCC License ID: 5196920847168, 27 Nov 2021). A Side view of the alpha-hemolysin heptameric complex indicates the exact location of the phospholipid bilayer. B View of alpha-hemolysin from the cis entrance to the pore [86]. C Structure of α-hemolysin nanopore embedded in a phospholipid bilayer. In nanopore sequencing, the motor protein guides the DNA strand to pass through the pore. This causes current fluctuations through the membrane. The nanopore signal later is converted into a nucleic acid sequence by the base caller. The DNA substrate (violet) is inserted into the pore by an applied electric field. Image adapted from [92]