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. 2022 Aug 27;14:107. doi: 10.1186/s13148-022-01323-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Biological nanopore instruments with representative ssDNA and protein-bound DNA events [67, 93]. Image reprinted from [67] with permission of the publisher (CCC License ID: 600061571, 25 Nov 2021). A The nanopore instrument uses an amplifier to apply a command voltage Vc and measure ionic current Ip through the nanopore channel. B At 120 mV in 1 M buffered KCl solution, 120 pA of open-channel current is attenuated to 15 pA for 0.2 ms upon the capture of ssDNA into the channel from the cis-chamber until the DNA passes through the pore. With Exol and ssDNA in the cis-chamber, bound events are also observed in which the duration of the current shift is extended 2 ms [67]