Table 3.

SEM Results for the Three Models

Construct/Item	Model 1					Model 2					Model 3
	SL	R2	p	CR	AVE	SL	R2	p	CR	AVE	SL	R2	p	CR	AVE
Smartphone usage (SU)				0.45	0.30				0.45	0.30				0.45	0.30
SUH	0.63	0.40	***			0.63	0.41	***			0.63	0.41	***
UST	0.44	0.19	***			0.44	0.19	***			0.44	0.19	***
Smartphone addiction (SA)				0.84	0.34				0.84	0.34				0.84	0.34
SA 1	0.50	0.25	***			0.50	0.25	***			0.50	0.25	***
SA 2	0.56	0.31	***			0.56	0.31	***			0.56	0.31	***
SA 3	0.57	0.33	***			0.57	0.32	***			0.58	0.33	***
SA 4	0.63	0.40	***			0.63	0.40	***			0.63	0.40	***
SA 5	0.67	0.45	***			0.67	0.45	***			0.67	0.44	***
SA 6	0.49	0.24	***			0.49	0.24	***			0.49	0.24	***
SA 7	0.70	0.49	***			0.70	0.49	***			0.70	0.49	***
SA 8	0.51	0.26	***			0.51	0.26	***			0.52	0.27	***
SA 9	0.65	0.43	***			0.65	0.42	***			0.65	0.43	***
SA 10	0.54	0.29	***			0.54	0.29	***			0.54	0.29	***
Intrinsic motivation (IM)				0.88	0.79
MEM	0.90	0.81	***
MMT	0.88	0.77	***
Body-related motivation (BRM)									0.84	0.64
MHB						0.92	0.85	***
MSM						0.84	0.71	***
MAR						0.60	0.37	***
Social motivation (SM)														0.76	0.45
MAA											0.70	0.50	***
MOE											0.57	0.33	***
MPI											0.55	0.30	***
MCT											0.83	0.68	***
Physical activity self-efficacy (SE)														0.90	0.75
Internal	0.88	0.78	***	0.90	0.75	0.88	0.78	***	0.90	0.75	0.88	0.77	***
Competition	0.90	0.82	***			0.91	0.82	***			0.90	0.81	***
Situational	0.81	0.66	***			0.81	0.65	***			0.82	0.67	***

Note: ***p < 0.001.

Abbreviations: SL, standardized loading; β, path coefficient; CR, composite reliability; AVE, average variance extracted; SUH, smartphone usage hours; UST, unlock smartphone times; MEM, enjoyment motivation; MMT, mastery motivation; MHB, health benefit; MSM, stress management; MAR, appearance motivation; MAA, affiliation motivation; MOE, others’ expectations; MPI, policy intervention; MCT, competition motivation; Internal, internal feeling; Competition, competing demands; Situational, situational/interpersonal.