FIG. 5.

Effects of (−)-epicatechin treatment on oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. (A) Carbonyl protein levels in plasma and (B) myocardium. (C) Myocardial oxidized protein levels as detected by Western blots (left image) and their normalized values (right panel). Plasma levels of IL-1β (D), IL-2 (E), TNF-α (F) and, IFN-γ (G). Values are given as mean ± SEM. Student's t-test. *, P < .05 versus OVF. GADPH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IFN-γ, interferon-gamma; IL-1β, interleukin 1-beta; IL-2, interleukin 2; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.