Table 1.
Community Characteristics
| Non-BPCI communities | BPCI communities | P | Non-CJR communities | CJR communities | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Communities (no.) | 1730 | 210 | 1551 | 389 | ||
| Population | ||||||
| Female, mean %, (SD) | 50.6 (1.7) | 51.0 (1.0) | 0.0004 | 50.5 (1.7) | 51.0 (1.3) | <0.0001 |
| Age, mean % (SD) | ||||||
| 0–64 | 85.2 (4.2) | 86.4 (3.7) | <0.0001 | 85.3 (3.9) | 85.8 (4.8) | <0.0001 |
| 65–74 | 8.0 (2.2) | 7.3 (1.8) | <0.0001 | 8.0 (2.1) | 7.5 (2.2) | <0.0001 |
| 75–84 | 4.8 (1.5) | 4.4 (1.4) | <0.0001 | 4.8 (1.4) | 4.7 (1.9) | 0.0001 |
| ≥85 | 2.0 (0.8) | 1.9 (0.7) | 0.1637 | 1.9 (0.7) | 2.0 (1.0) | 0.5050 |
| Medicare population | ||||||
| Medicare beneficiaries, mean no. (SD) | 20670 (28567) | 47623 (58620) | <0.0001 | 20906 (30645) | 34280 (44083) | <0.0001 |
| Clinical complexity, mean score (SD)a | 8.3 (1.0) | 8.5 (0.9) | 0.0358 | 8.3 (1.0) | 8.3 (0.9) | 0.7159 |
| MA participation, mean % (SD) | 22.6 (14) | 23.3 (12.4) | 0.1863 | 20.7 (12.8) | 30.5 (14.8) | <0.0001 |
| Osteoarthritis prevalence, mean % (SD) | 2.9 (0.9) | 2.8 (0.9) | 0.0708 | 2.9 (0.9) | 2.6 (0.8) | <0.0001 |
| LEJR prevalence, mean % (SD) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.2) | 0.2771 | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.3) | <0.0001 |
| Provider capacity | ||||||
| Total hospital beds, mean no. (SD) | 426 (881) | 1141 (2053) | <0.0001 | 421 (938) | 831 (1526) | <0.0001 |
| Total IRF bed, mean no. (SD) | 24 (60) | 72 (153) | <0.0001 | 24 (70) | 47 (99) | <0.0001 |
| Total SNF bed count, mean no. (SD) | 50 (119) | 153 (404) | <0.0001 | 55 (173) | 83 (190) | <0.0001 |
| Total HHA staff, mean no. (SD) | 237 (723) | 641 (1455) | <0.0001 | 238 (752) | 450 (1121) | <0.0001 |
| Concentration of SNFs, mean HHI (SD) | 3746.2 (2436.8) | 2524.1 (2132.5) | <0.0001 | 3721.8 (2414.1) | 3169.7 (2472.3) | <0.0001 |
Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used for comparisons.
a
Clinical complexity was defined by the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index.
BPCI, Bundled Payments for Care Improvement; CJR, Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement; HHA, Home Health Agency; HHI, Herfindahl–Hirschman Index; IRF, Institutional Rehabilitation Facility; LEJR, lower extremity joint replacements; MA, Medicare Advantage; SD, standard deviation; SNF, skilled nursing facility.