Table 3.
Outcome Characteristics and Results for All Studies
| Authors | Publication year | Main outcome constructs | Main outcome measure | Main time point | Main result, M (SD), and (% improvement) | Clinical response definition | Clinical response |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multidisciplinary studies | |||||||
| Elwy et al.23 | 2020 | Health-related quality of life | PROMIS-28 | 12 months | Overall score: 72.3 (21.39) to 72.9 (ns) (1%) [different ns] | Not specified | Not specified |
| Crocker et al.40 Herman et al.63 (for extra info) |
2019 2014 |
Health-related quality of life | SF-12, WHO-5 | 12 months | General Health: 63.9 to 69.9** (9%) Physical Health: 45.4 to 47.6** (5%) Mental Health: 47.2 to 50.3*** (7%) WHO-5: 55.6 to 62.2** (12%) |
Not specified | Clinically meaningful improvement in 45% of patients after all treatments |
| Beidelschies et al.41 | 2019 | Health-related quality of life | PROMIS-10 | 12 months | Physical Health: 45.9 (8.33) to 47.5 (8.49)*** (4%) Mental Health: 46.7 (9.21) to 47.2 (9.33) (ns) (1%) |
At least a 5-point increase | Not reported at 12 months |
| Dusek et al.36 | 2018 | Health-related quality of life | PROMIS-10 | 1–30 days: 16% 31–60 days: 30% 61–90 days: 17% 90+ days: 37% |
Physical Health: 43.1 (8.2) to 44.3 (8.8) (3%) Mental Health: 44.0 (8.9) to 45.0 (9.4) (2%) [p-values not reported] |
At least a 5-point increase (individually) | Mental Health: 23.5% Physical Health: 24.2% |
| Lopez et al.44 | 2017 | Cancer-related well-being | ESAS | Average of 99.1 days (146.6), range 1–1446 days | Well-being: 3.8 (2.6) to 3.5 (2.5)** (8%) | Not specified | Not specified |
| Abrams et al.47 | 2013 | Health-related quality of life | SF-12 | 24 weeks (6 months) | Physical Health: 37.7 to 41.5*** (10%) Mental Health: 43.5 to 46.5*** (7%) |
Not specified | Not specified |
| Harrington et al.45 | 2012 | Well-being | MYCaW | 3–12 months | Well-being: 3.30 (1.41) to 2.63 (1.28)**** (20%) | Not specified | Not specified |
| Frenkel et al.46 | 2010 | Well-being | MYCaW | 6–12 weeks | Well-being: 2.50 (1.4) to 1.87 (1.64)*** (25%) | A decrease of at least 2 points (overall) | Patients did not experience a 2-point improvement |
| Brazier et al.39 | 2008 | Health-related quality of life | FACT-G | 5 months | Physical Health: 22 to 22 (ns) (0%) Emotional Health: 18 to 19 (ns) (6%) Overall Health: 81 to 84 (ns) (4%) |
Not specified | Not specified |
| Greeson et al.37 | 2008 | Health-related quality of life | SF-36 | 3 months | Physical Health: 40.7 (12.29) to 43.0 (12.39) (6%) Mental Health: 43.6 (11.69) to 47.8 (11.29) (10%) [p-values not reported] |
Not specified | Not specified |
| Myklebust et al.42 | 2008 | Health-related quality of life | SF-12 | 2–36 months | Physical Health: 45.6 (13.4) to 49.7 (11.5)** (9%) Mental Health: 40.2 (7.9) to 41.6 (7.0) (ns) (3%) |
Not specified | Not specified |
| Mulkins et al.43 | 2003 | Health-related quality of life | SF-36 | 6 months | General Health: 54.8 (22.3) to 60.5 (22.6)** (10%) Physical Health: 43.4 (9.1) to 45.2 (8.6)* (4%) Mental Health: 40.2 (10.5) to 44.5 (10.6)** (11%) |
Not specified | Not specified |
| Acupuncture studies | |||||||
| Miller et al.34 | 2019 | Cancer-related well-being | ESAS | End of treatment | Well-being: 3.5 (2.5) to 2.5 (1.8)*** (29%) | A decrease of at least 2 points (individually) | Clinically meaningful improvement was reported in 51% after the first and in 45% after all treatments |
| Thompson et al.48 | 2015 | Quality of life | 11-point NRS | Post last acupuncture session | NRS: 4.12 (2.52) to 3.14 (2.27)**** (24%) | A decrease of at least 2 points (individually) | Rates of MCID after the last session exceeded 41% |
| Niemtzow et al.35 | 2008 | Health-related quality of life | SF-8 | 4 weeks | Physical Health: 34.1 (8.44) to 41.1 (8.71)*** (20%) Mental Health: 49.4 (10.21) to 52.4 (8.63)** (6%) |
Not specified | Not specified |
| Secor et al.33 | 2004 | Health-related quality of life | SF-12 | Within 3 months | Physical Health: 44.8 (9.8) to 46.9 (8.2)** (5%) Mental Health: 48.8 (9.8) to 49.8 (9.5) (ns) (2%) General Health: 3.53 (1.0) to 3.75 (0.8)** (6%) |
Not specified | Not specified |
| Chiropractic studies | |||||||
| Gedin et al.49 | 2019 | Health-related quality of life, overall health | EQ-5D, EQ-VAS | 4 weeks | Acute pain EQ-5D: 0.65 (0.26) to 0.86 (0.14)** (32%) EQ-VAS: 68.47 (17.4) to 78.1 (20.62)** (14%). Chronic pain EQ-5D: 0.69 (0.19) to 0.73 (0.20)* (6%) EQ-VAS: 68.11 (20.08) to 71.88 (20.38) (ns) (6%) |
MCID for EQ-5D index is a change of at least 0.07 (overall) | EQ-5D index was of MCID for acute but not chronic back pain |
| Hays et al.50 | 2019 | Health-related quality of life | PROMIS-29 | 3 months | Physical Health: 46 (7) to 47 (8)**** (2%) Mental Health: 48 (7) to 50 (7)**** (4%) |
An effect size of at least 0.20 (individually) | Physical Health: 14% met MCID Mental Health: 30% met MCID |
| Secor et al.33 | 2004 | Health-related quality of life | SF-12 | Within 3 months | Physical Health: 46.5 (8.6) to 48.0 (6.9)* (3%) Mental Health: 48.7 (9.5) to 50.0 (8.9) (ns) (3%) General Health: 3.61 (0.9) to 3.83 (0.8)** (6%) |
Not specified | Not specified |
| Massage, aromatherapy, or reflexology | |||||||
| Harris et al.51 | 2010 | Health-related quality of life | MYMOP2 | 3 months | Activity: 3.5 (1.2) to 2.8 (1.8)** (20%) Well-being: 2.8 (1.4) to 2.6 (1.5) (ns) (7%) Profile score: 3.3 (1.0) to 2.7 (1.2)** (18%) |
Not specified | Not specified |
Secor et al.33 is one study split by cohort.
*
p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.
EQ-VAS, EuroQol visual analogue scale; ESAS, Edmonton Symptom Assessment System; FACT-G, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General; MCID, minimal clinically important difference; MyCaW, Measure Yourself Concerns and Wellbeing; MYMOP2, Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile; NRS, Numerical Rating Scale; PROMIS-29, Patient-Reported Outcomes Information System; SF-12 (8, 36), short-form health survey; WHO-5, World Health Organization Well-Being Index.