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. 2022 Aug 27;12:14636. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18675-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The formation of bone-like tissues. (a) GFP⁺BMSCs were co-cultured with MLO-Y4 cells in different proportions (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) for 20, 28, 35, 42, and 49 days. The 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1 ratios yielded bone-like tissues, whereas the 1:2 and 1:3 ratios did not. (b) The MLO-Y4 monoculture formed bone-like tissue, but the GFP⁺BMSCs did not. (c) The area of bone-like tissue decreased significantly in the MLO-Y4 monoculture and with the 2:1 and 1:1 ratios on day 28, but the area of bone-like tissue with the 3:1 ratio showed no significant change with extension of culture time.