Schematic of fabrication process and scanning electron microscope of membrane section. A Schematic of PLGA microspheres prepared via (a) single emulsion and (b) double emulsion. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [29]. Copyright 2020, Taylor and Francis. B Schematic of microfluidic devices for making PLGA microspheres: T-Junction microfluidic device, co-flow microfluidic device, flow-focusing microfluidic device. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [29]. Copyright 2020, Taylor and Francis. C Schematic diagram of the spray drying process. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [29]. Copyright 2020, Taylor & Francis. D Schematic of the electrospray process for preparing PLGA microspheres. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [29]. Copyright 2020, Taylor and Francis. E Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of membrane cross sections at various magnifications: whole nickel (Ni) membrane. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [85]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier. F Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of membrane cross sections at various magnifications: stainless steel (SS) ringed membrane. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [85]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier.