Table 2.
Summary of studies showing patient variables and outcomes in ICU.
| Study | ICU Severity score | Invasive MV n (%) | Duration of MV (d) | Duration of hospital stay (d) | Duration of ICU stay (d) | Delay in ATT (d) | DRn (%) | Additional treatment n (%) | ICU complications n (%) | In-hospital/ICU Mortality n (%) | Predictors of fatality | Cause of death n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Penner et al 27 (1995) | APACHE II, 26 ± 4 | 13 (100) | 15 ± 10 | 50 ± 35 | 19 ± 12 | 45 ± 33 | 0 (0) | Steroids, 8 (61.5%) | Sepsis, 6 (46.2) MOF, 6 (46.2) Pneumothorax 2, (15.4) DIC, 1 (7.7) ARDS, 8 (6.2) |
9 (69.0) | NR | MOF 6 (46.2) RF 3 (23.1) |
| Erbes et al 14 (2006) | APACHE II, 13.1 ± 5.6 | 22 (37.9) | 26 (1-106) | 87.1 (3-340) | 21.6 (3-229) | 0 | 7 (12.1) | Steroids, 40 (68.9) | ARDS 7 (12.1) Pneumothorax 8 (13.8) ARF 7 (12.1) Sepsis 15 (25.8) MOF 2 (3/4) HAI 39 (67.2) |
15 (25.9) | ARF, MV, Chronic pancreatitis, Sepsis, ARDS, Nosocomial pneumonia | NR |
| Sharma et al 20 (2006) | APACHE II, 18.5 ± 5.7 | 23 (79.3) | 5 (3-26) | 14 (3-90) | 7 (3-90) | NR | NR | Steroids, 6 (20.7) | UTI 5 (17.2) DIC 5 (17.2) MOF 4 (13.8) Pneumothorax 1 (3.4) |
12 (41.4) | APACHE II>18, hyponatremia PaO2/FiO2 ratio <108.2 |
NR |
| Ryu et al 7 (2006) | APACHE II, 16 [8-36] | 32 (100) | 9 (2-86) | 20 (4-144) | 11 (2-18) | 2 (1-43) | 2 (6.3) | NR | ARDS 9 (28.1) MOF 7 (21.9) HAI 9 (28.1) Sepsis 16 (50) |
19 (59) | APACHE II >20, TDL, Sepsis | NR |
| Lin et al 28 (2009) | APACHE II, 21±6.5 |
59 (100) | NR | NR | NR | NR | 3 (5.1) | NR | VAP 29 (49.1) ARF 6 (10.2) GI bleed 14 (25) |
40 (67.8) | MOF, Nosocomial pneumonia, treatment delay >30d |
NR |
| Valade et al 13 (2012) | GCS, 14 [12-15] SAPS II, 31 [22-50] |
24 (45) | 6 (3-17) | NR | 6 [3-16] | 3 (0-21) | 2 (3.8) | Vasopressor 15 (28) | HAI 11 (21) VAP 11 (20.8) |
20 (38) | Miliary TB, MV and vasopressor requirement | Organ failure 5 (9.4) HAI/co-infection 14 (26.4) PE 1 (1.9) |
| Balkema et al 29 (2014) | APACHE II, 20.7 ± 8.3 | NR | NR | NR | 11.9 (1-56) | 1.6 (0-17) | 3 (3.6) | NR | ARDS 26 (31.3) Renal failure 31 (37.3) VAP 19 (22.9) Septic shock 23 (27.7) DIC 15 (18.1) MODS 25 (30.1) Haemoptysis 14 (16.9) CAP 38 (45.8) |
49 (59) | CD4 <200 Absent lobar consolidation Higher APACHE score, ARF |
NR |
| Lanoix et al 30 (2014) | SAPS II, 38 [6-121] SOFA, 4 [0-17] |
45 (46.4) | 8 [1-129] | NR | 7 [3-15.5] | NR | 8 (8.25) | Steroids 32 (33) Vasopressor 36 (37.1) |
VAP 18 (40) | 32 (33.3) | Higher SAPS II/SOFA score, 2+ infections, MV, ARDS, RRT Vasopressor support, Low GCS Lymphocytopenia Hypoproteinaemia |
VAP 7 (7.2) |
| Rollas et al 8 (2015) | APACHE II, 21.5 (6-36) SOFA, 6 (1-12) GCS, 11 (3-15) |
10 (62.5) | 7 (3-45) | 41 (6-122) | 10.5 (5-122) | 1 (0-20) | 1 (6.3) | NR | HAI 8 (50) | 7 (43.8) |
Sepsis, MV requirement, HAI, higher APACHE II | Septic shock 5 (31.3) ARF 2 (28.6) |
| Filiz et al 31 (2016) | APACHE II, 18 (7-32) SOFA, 6 (1-14) |
24 (68.6) | NR | NR | NR | NR | 10 (28.6) | NR | Shock 19 (54.3) MOF 17 (48.6) ARF 13 (37.1) |
20 (57.1) | Shock, MOF, MV, DR | NR |
| Kim et al 21 (2016) | Charlson, 0.76 ± 1.28 APACHE II, 20 ± 6.7 SOFA, 7 (4-9) |
41(100) | 6.3 [3-14] | 13.2 [7-28] | 7.8 [3-17] | 1 | 4 (9.8) | NR | ARDS 19 (46.3) VAP 15 (36.6) Sepsis 30 (73.2) Shock 38 (92.7) AKI, 12 (29.3) MOF, 27 (65.9) |
39 (95.1) | NR | Hypoxemia 9 (23.1) Septic shock 16 (41.0) MOF 14 (35.9) |
| Duro et al 32 (2017) | APACHE II, 26 ± 15.75 SAPS II, 55 [27.5] |
29 (74.4) | 17 [39] | NR | NR | 0 [4] | NR | Steroids 5 (12.8) Vasopressor 21 (53.8) ECMO 2 (5.1) |
ARDS 7 (17.9) ARF 8 (20.5) MODS 11 (28.2) HAI 11 (28.2) |
21 (53.8) | Delayed ATT >3d post ICU admission MODS/Sepsis HAI |
NR |
| Kim et al 33 (2018) | APACHE II 19 [15-24] SOFA, 8 [4-11] |
125 (100) | 8 [5-17] | 20 [12-43] | 11 [7-18] | NR | NR | Vasopressor 58 (46) RRT 10 (8) |
NR | 46 (37) | Age, vasopressor use, low PaO2/FiO2 ratio, BNP | NR |
| Muthu et al 34 (2018) | APACHE II, 16.1 ± 7.2 SOFA, 1.8 ± 1.6 |
56 (88.9) | 7.5 ± 9.1 | 16.4 ± 1.2 | 9.8 ± 11.4 | NR | NR | Tracheostomy 9 (14.3) Steroids 18 (28.6) |
ARDS 18 (28.6) VAP 10 (15.9) Pneumothorax 4 (5.8) |
28 (44.4) | Baseline APACHE and SOFA score higher, | Severe sepsis 16 (25.4) Raised ICP 7 (11.1) Hypoxemia 5 (7.9) |
| Tatar et al 19 (2018) | APACHE II, 22 [15-26] | 30 (75) | 4 [2-18] | 13 [5-27] | 5 [2-18] | NR | 1 (2.5) | NR | ARDS 40 (100) ARF 6 (15) Cardiac failure 8 (20) Hepatic failure 4 (10) |
29 (72. 5) | APACHE II >18 Dyspnoea Need for MV 1+ organ failure |
NR |
n= number of patients (d)=days
Incidence is reported as estimated rate of tuberculosis per 100,000 from gov.org last updated 2019 (high incidence is > 40/100,000)
All averages are mean ± SD unless stated otherwise; Median is signified in bold with (range) or [IQR]
APACHE II is worst score in 24 h of admission
Mortality is reported as ‘in-hospital mortality’ unless stated otherwise
F: fatalities
S: survivors
NR: data not reported
MV: mechanical ventilation
DR%: percentage of patients with drug resistant strains
ATT= anti-tuberculosis treatment
ARDS= acute respiratory distress syndrome
VAP=ventilator assisted pneumonia