Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants (CHARLS 2011).
| Characteristics | Total | Male | Female | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total, n (%) | 9843 | 4629 (47.03%) | 5214 (52.97%) | — |
| Age, years | 59.04 ± 9.26 | 59.68 ± 9.09 | 58.48 ± 9.36 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.30 ± 3.82 | 22.76 ± 3.54 | 23.77 ± 4.00 | <0.001 |
| Hukou, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Agricultural | 8213 (83.44%) | 3780 (81.66%) | 4433 (85.02%) | |
| Nonagricultural | 1577 (16.02%) | 824 (17.80%) | 753 (14.44%) | |
| Unified residence | 52 (0.53%) | 25 (0.54%) | 27 (0.52%) | |
| No hukou | 1 (0.01%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (0.02%) | |
| Residence, n (%) | 0.093 | |||
| Urban | 3305 (33.58%) | 1515 (32.73%) | 1790 (34.33%) | |
| Rural | 6538 (66.42%) | 3114 (67.27%) | 3424 (65.67%) | |
| Education, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Illiterate | 2805 (28.50%) | 601 (12.98%) | 2204 (42.27%) | |
| Literate | 1875 (19.05%) | 900 (19.44%) | 975 (18.70%) | |
| Primary school | 2208 (22.43%) | 1286 (27.78%) | 922 (17.68%) | |
| Middle school | 1972 (20.03%) | 1196 (25.84%) | 776 (14.88%) | |
| High school or more | 983 (9.99%) | 646 (13.96%) | 337 (6.46%) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Married | 8639 (87.77%) | 4200 (90.73%) | 4439 (85.14%) | |
| Others | 1204 (12.23%) | 429 (9.27%) | 775 (14.86%) | |
| Self-reported health∗, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Excellent | 304 (3.09%) | 180 (3.89%) | 124 (2.38%) | |
| Very good | 1204 (12.24%) | 658 (14.22%) | 546 (10.48%) | |
| Good | 3235 (32.88%) | 1593 (34.42%) | 1642 (31.50%) | |
| Fair | 3579 (36.37%) | 1607 (34.72%) | 1972 (37.84%) | |
| Poor | 1518 (15.43%) | 590 (12.75%) | 928 (17.81%) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 3883 (39.45%) | 3442 (74.36%) | 441 (8.46%) | |
| No | 5960 (60.55%) | 1187 (25.64%) | 4773 (91.54%) | |
| Alcohol drinking, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 3250 (33.02%) | 2584 (55.82%) | 666 (12.77%) | |
| No | 6593 (66.98%) | 2045 (44.18%) | 4548 (87.23%) | |
| Hypertension and WHtR status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| NHNW | 2365 (24.03%) | 1520 (32.84%) | 845 (16.21%) | |
| HTNW | 789 (8.02%) | 516 (11.15%) | 273 (5.24%) | |
| NHEW | 3793 (38.53%) | 1436 (31.02%) | 2357 (45.21%) | |
| HTEW | 2896 (29.42%) | 1157 (24.99%) | 1739 (33.35%) | |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 0.212 | |||
| Yes | 3059 (31.08%) | 1410 (30.46%) | 1649 (31.63%) | |
| No | 6784 (68.92%) | 3219 (69.54%) | 3565 (68.37%) |
Note: values were expressed as n (%) or mean (SD); BMI: body mass index; NHNW: nonhypertensive with a normal WHtR; HTNW: hypertensive with a normal WHtR; NHEW: nonhypertensive with an elevated WHtR; HTEW: hypertensive with an elevated WHtR. ∗The data from some participants were missing.