Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel patterns of HSP synthesis in mutants. The cells were grown in enriched minimal medium at 25°C and shifted to 37°C at time zero. Samples were taken at intervals, pulse labeled with [35S]methionine for 2 min, and treated with trichloroacetic acid. Whole cell proteins were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel (7.5% gel) electrophoresis and visualized with a phosphorimager. The bands of the most abundantly synthesized HSPs (GroEL, DnaK, and ClpB) are marked with open arrowheads, and other possible HSPs are marked with closed arrowheads. (a) WT, GV3101; (b) ΔrpoH, KN501; (c) ΔhrcA, KN613; (d) ΔhrcA ΔrpoH, KN201.