Table 3.
The miRNAs involved in regulating the immune mechanism of DN.
| MicroRNAs | Expression in DN | Targets | Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| miR-21 | Up-regulated | MMP9/TIMP1, Smad7, PPAR-α | Increasing fibrosis and inflammation | (196–198) |
| miR-23a | Up-regulated | Ubiquitin editor A20 | Macrophage activation and renal tubulointerstitial inflammation |
(199) |
| miR-20b | Down-regulated | Kruppel-like family gene, TXNIP, IL-8 | Increasing renal inflammatory response |
(200) |
| miR-19b-3p | Up-regulated | SOCS-1 gene | M1 macrophage activation and renal tubulointerstitial inflammation |
(201) |
| miR-29b | Down-regulated | Sp1 gene and T-bet gene | Increasing microalbuminuria, renal fibrosis, and inflammation | (202) |
| miR-29c | Up-regulated | Sprouty homolog 1 | inducing apoptosis and increasing fibronectin synthesis in podocytes |
(203) |
| miR-27a | Up-regulated | Nrf2/Keap1 pathway | Increasing Inflammation and oxidative stress | (204) |
| miR-31 | Down-regulated | E-selectin | Increasing inflammation and interaction between leukocytes and endothelial cells |
(205) |
| miR-124 | Up-regulated | Integrin α3 | Damaging podocytic adhesive capacity |
(206) |
| miR-93 | Down-regulated | Vascular endothelial growth factor A | Increasing microalbuminuria and leading to thrombotic glomerular injury | (207) |
| miR-192 | Up-regulated | E-box repressors(δEF1 and SIP1) | Increaseing renal fibrosis and proteinuria | (208, 209) |
| miR-195 | Up-regulated | SIRT1 | Reducing the apoptosis of renal mesangial cells | (210, 211) |
| miR-200a | Down-regulated | TGF-β2 | Reducing Renal Fibrogenesis | (212) |
| miR-802 | Up-regulated | NF‐κB‐repressing factor | NF‐κB activation and renal inflammatory response |
(213) |
| miR-455-3p | Down-regulated | Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinase 2 | Reducing glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial amplification, and renal fibrosis | (214) |
| miR-374a | Down-regulated | MCP-1 | Reducing renal inflammatory response |
(215) |
| miR-544 | Down-regulated | Fatty acid synthase | Reducing glomerulosclerosis and renal inflammation | (216) |
| miR-346 | Down-regulated | Smad3/4 | Reducing renal fibrosis | (217) |
| miR-451 | Down-regulated | LMP7, PSMD11, NF‐κB | Promoting the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules and proliferation of mesangial cells, resulting in glomerular injury | (218, 219) |
| miR-199a-3p | Down-regulated | Inhibitor kappa B kinase β | Reducing high glucose−induced apoptosis and inflammation |
(220) |
| miR-377 | Up-regulated | PAK1, SOD1/2 | Increasing fibronectin production and inflammation | (221) |