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. 2022 Aug 15;3:981343. doi: 10.3389/froh.2022.981343

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Copyright © 2022 Ozuna, Snider, Belibasakis, Oscarsson, Johansson and Uriarte.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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F. alocis virulence factors. Oxidative resistance is achieved by the conversion of superoxide generated by innate immune cells to H₂O₂ by FA769. The proteins FA769 and FA519 are associated with H₂O₂-induced stress resistance. F. alocis complement inhibitor (FACIN) binds complement component 3 (C3) which is essential to all three complement pathways. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain lipoproteins that stimulate osteoclastogenesis in committed osteoclast precursors via TLR2 which contributes to bone resorption. The novel RTX exotoxin, FtxA, is found in 60% of clinical isolates, but its biological effects are unknown. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) induces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by human gingival fibroblasts.