Table 3.
Correct answers rate by the level of willingness-to-learn for each ALPHA question.
| No. | ALPHA question content (Correct answer rate %) | Anti-doping willingness-to-learn level | p | η2 | MCT | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
All N = 1,773 |
Strongly disagree n = 29 |
Somewhat disagree n = 233 |
Somewhat agree n = 1,116 |
Strongly agree n = 395 |
|||||
| 1 | What is the philosophy behind anti-doping? | 85.6 | 93.1 | 85.0 | 84.8 | 87.6 | 0.349 | 0.01 | — |
| 2 | What is the purpose of the World Anti-Doping Code? | 50.5 | 48.3 | 46.8 | 49.0 | 57.0 | 0.030 | 0.01 | *Somewhat agree < strongly agree |
| 3 | What is the Prohibited List? | 76.1 | 79.3 | 72.5 | 75.9 | 78.5 | 0.417 | <0.01 | — |
| 4 | What are the side effects of using anabolic steroids? | 36.1 | 41.4 | 33.0 | 36.1 | 37.5 | 0.657 | <0.01 | — |
| 5 | What does TUE stand for? | 64.1 | 48.3 | 60.5 | 64.2 | 67.1 | 0.112 | <0.01 | — |
| 6 | How can an athlete with a medical condition decide whether to take a medication? | 72.5 | 65.5 | 76.0 | 71.5 | 73.7 | 0.390 | <0.01 | — |
| 7 | Who is responsible for the substances found in an athlete's body? | 55.8 | 58.6 | 52.8 | 55.8 | 57.5 | 0.849 | <0.01 | — |
| 8 | What condition allows an athlete to refuse to be tested? | 87.1 | 86.2 | 86.7 | 86.7 | 88.6 | 0.806 | <0.01 | — |
| 9 | When must an athlete be notified of an upcoming test? | 55.4 | 37.9 | 54.1 | 54.7 | 59.5 | 0.083 | <0.01 | — |
| 10 | When do athletes have to tell their National Anti-Doping Organization where they will be living, training and competing? | 43.7 | 34.5 | 45.1 | 43.4 | 44.3 | 0.733 | <0.01 | — |
| 11 | What are the athlete's right when a positive test is returned? | 49.1 | 51.7 | 45.5 | 48.8 | 51.9 | 0.465 | <0.01 | — |
| 12 | What is the requirement for laboratories that analyze blood or urine samples for doping control? | 64.2 | 62.1 | 55.8 | 64.6 | 68.1 | 0.023 | 0.01 | *Strongly disagree < Strongly agree |
*p <0.05. MCT, multiple comparison testing. ALPHA score: Score rage 0–12 points. ALPHA passing index is ≥10 points/correct answer rate ≥80%. Willingness to learn score obtained using the anti-doping willingness to learn question, “Would you like to learn more about anti-doping?” and selected option based on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1: strongly disagree to 4: strongly agree (score range: 1–4). All: correct answer rate for the total number of participants. 1. Strongly disagree, 2. Somewhat disagree, 3. Somewhat agree, 4. Strongly agree: correct answer rate by level of willingness to learn. The level of willingness to learn with the highest correct answer rate for each item is shown in bold and underlined.