TABLE 1.
Summary of sonosensitizers and SDT conditions.
| Sonosensitizer | Inorganic/organic | Biological model | US parameters | Biological effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5-ALA | Organic | C6 glioma cells in rat | 1.0 MHz, 10.0 W/cm2, 5 min | Deep seated intracranial glioma tumor size decreased; selective anti-tumour effect | Ohmura et al. (2011) |
| ATX-70 | Organic | Mammary tumor cells (DMBA) in Sprague–Dawley rat | 1.92 MHz, 1.0–5.0 W/cm2, 15 min | Significant tumor growth inhibition; strong synergistic effect (Ohmura et al., 2011) | Yumita et al. (2007) |
| DCPH-P-Na(I) | Organic | MKN-45 cells in mice | 1.0 MHz, 1.0 W/cm2, 10 min | Potent sonotoxicity on tumor cells under US irradiation; significant tumor growth inhibition; potential for clinical treatment of cancers located deep in the human body without inducing skin sensitivity | Hachimine et al. (2007) |
| Porfimer sodium | Organic | Mammary tumor cells (DMBA) in Sprague–Dawley rat | 1.92 MHz, 1.0–5.0 W/cm2, 15 min | Significant tumor growth inhibition; US intensity showed a relatively sharp threshold for the synergistic antitumor effect | Yumita et al. (2004) |
| Hematoporphyrin | Organic | Hepatoma-22 cells in mice | 1.43 MHz, 2.0 W/cm2, 1 min | Strong cytotoxic effects; significant lipid peroxidation in tumor cells; tumor volume and weight were remarkably decreased; tumor cell ultra-structure was significantly damaged | Wang et al. (2011) |
| SF1 | Organic | S180 sarcoma cells in mice | 1.0 MHz, 1.2 W/cm2, 3 min | Tumor growth inhibition effect was enhanced with increasing US intensity; coagulated necrosis or metamorphic tissue with inflammatory reactions | Xiaohuai et al. (2008) |
| Hematoporphyrin derivatives | Organic | S180 sarcoma cells in mice | 1.1 MHz, 1.5 W/cm2, 3 min | SDT induced morphologic changes; important factors inhibiting the tumor cell growth and even inducing tumor cell death: damage of cell structure, change of cytochrome C oxidase activity, degradation and missing of DNA | Liu et al. (2003) |
| Sinoporphyrin sodium | Organic | 4T1 mouse xenograft model | 1.0 MHz, 1.0 W/cm2, 2 min | Increased intracellular ROS production; change of membrane permeability; tumor growth and metastatic spreading inhibitions | Liu et al. (2016) |
| Protoporphyrin IX | Organic | Oral squamous carcinoma in mice | 1.0 MHz, 0.89 W/cm2, 20% duty cycle, 15 min | Cell cycle arrested at G2/M phase; activate Fas-mediated membrane receptor pathway (regulated by p53) to induce apoptosis | Lv et al. (2017) |
| Chlorin e6 (Ce6) | Organic | Human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro | 1.0 MHz, 0.5–2.0 W/cm2, 1 min | Inhibition on the proliferation of cancer cells; dose-dependently | Gao et al. (2010) |
| Rose bengal (RB) | Organic | Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29 cells) in mice | 1.0 MHz, 1.0 W/cm2, 2 min | Suitable for detecting tumor location and size; higher drug accumulation at the tumor site; enhanced ROS generation efficiency; enhanced SDT therapeutic efficacy with minimal side effects | Hou et al. (2020) |
| TiO2 | Inorganic | C32 melanoma cells in mice | 1.0 MHz, 1.0 W/cm2, 2 min | Tumor cell viability was significantly decreased; significant inhibition of tumor growth | Harada et al. (2011) |
| PMCS | Inorganic | Human breast cancer cells in vitro | 1.0 MHz, 2.5 W/cm2, 50% duty cycle, 5 min | High sonosensitization efficacy and good stability; high ROS production and induced cellular destruction; high tumor inhibition efficiency | Pan et al. (2018a) |
| PtCu3 | Inorganic | 4T1 breast cancer cells in mice | 35 kHz, 3.0 W/cm2, 10 min | Highly efficient ROS generation in SDT; significantly enhanced sonotoxicity to cancer cells; minimal toxicity to normal tissues at therapeutic doses | Zhong et al. (2020) |
| BaTiO3 | Inorganic | In vitro cellular level evaluation and in vivo tumor xenograft assessment | 1.0 MHz, 1.0 W/cm2, 50% duty cycle, 1 min | Built-in electric field catalyzed the generation of ROS; US triggered cytotoxicity promoted tumor eradication; high therapeutic biosafety. | Zhu et al. (2020a) |
| Porous silicon NPs | Inorganic | Lung Lewis carcinoma in mice | 1.0 MHz, 1.0 W/cm2, 3 min | Inhibition on the growth of primary tumor site; slowed down the metastasis process. | Sviridov et al. (2017) |
| Copper-cysteamine | Organic | 4T1 breast cancer cells in mice | 1.0 MHz, 2.0 W/cm2, 3 min | Efficient production of ROS; significant inhibition of tumor growth; enhanced cavitation for tumor destruction | Wang et al. (2018) |
| Double-layer hollow manganese silicate (DHMS) | Inorganic | 4T1 breast cancer cells in mice | 1.0 MHz, 1.0 W/cm2, 50% duty cycle, 1 min | Highly effective ROS yield; production of oxygen in the tumor micro-environment to overcome the hypoxia of the solid tumor; good tumor inhibition ability and biosafety | Pan et al. (2020) |