Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Author, year | Country | Study design | Intervention group | Comparison group | Length | Setting | Condition | Sample (n) | Age range (mean ± SD), years | Sex |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brun et al., 200828 | France | RCT | Exercise program (including brisk walking, jogging or gymnastics) | Usual care | 12 months | Community | T2D | 25 (13 IG, 12 CG) | 40–85 (59.7 ± 2) | M + F(26.0% F) |
| Coyle et al., 201226 | Canada | RCT | Aerobic exercise; resistance exercise; combined exercise | Usual care | 6 months | Community | T2D | 251 | 39–70 (54.2) | M + F(34.9% F) |
| Di Loreto et al., 200532 | Italy | Quasi-experimental | Exercise counseling + phone calls + sessions in outpatient clinic | None | 24 months | Community | T2D | 179 | >40 (62 ± 1) | M + F |
| Johnson et al., 201527 | Canada | Quasi-experimental | Pedometer-based walking program | Usual care with a pedometer but without instructions | 6 months | Primary Health Care | T2D | 186 (94 IG, 92 CG) | ≥18 (59.3 ± 8.3) | M + F(50.0% F) |
| Kaplan 198823 | USA | RCT | Exercise; diet; diet + exercise | Education | 18 months | Community | T2D | 76 | 53.8 ± 8.0 exercise; 54.9 ± 12.3 diet; 56.9 ± 8.9 diet + exercise; 54.5 ± 8.8 CG | M + F(57.9% F) |
| Kuo et al., 202124 | USA | RCT | Exercise program (EXER); CBT; combined exercise program (EXER) + CBT | Usual care | 15 months | Community | T2D with major depressive disorder | 140 (EXER 34, CBT 36, EXER + CBT 34, CG 36) | 56.0 ± 10.7 | M + F(76.0% F) |
| Marios et al., 201229 | Australia | RCT | Walking exercise program monitored by heart rate monitors + phone calls | Walking program | 6 months | Community | T2D | 26 (15 IG, 11 CG) | 18–80 (60.3 ± 9.4 IG, 65.1 ± 7.9 CG) | M + F(33.0% F in IG, 64.0% F in CG) |
| Pepin et al., 202025 | USA | Quasi-experimental | Aerobic + resistance + balance exercise program | None | 12 months | Community | Multimorbidity | 453 | 31–91 (67 ± 10) | M + F(6.0% F) |
| Sultana et al., 201830 | Malaysia | RCT | Aerobic exercise; combined (aerobic + resistance/strengthening) exercise program | Usual care | 14 weeks | Community; hospital | T2D | 75 (25 aerobic training, 25 combined, 25 CG) | 40–60 | M + F |
| Taylor et al., 202031 | UK | RCT | Exercise referral schemes + e-coachER (a pedometer + fridge magnet with PA recording sheets, and a user guide to access the web-based support in the form of seven ‘steps to health’) | Exercise referral schemes alone | 12 months | Community | Multimorbidity | 450 (224 IG, 226 CG) | 50 ± 13 IG, 51 ± 14 CG | M + F(64.0% F) |
CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; CG, control group; F, female; IG, intervention group; M, male; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SD, standard deviation; T2D, type 2 diabetes.