Table 3.
Estimated effects of green space on body weight status in the studies included in the review
| Study ID | Estimated effects of green space on body weight status | Main findings of study |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1. A 1-SD increase in proximity of parkland (t = 2.238, p = 0.026) was associated with a 10% increase of BMI, respectively 2. A 1-unit (10%) decrease in proximity of parkland (t = 3.308, p = 0.002) will increase 18% in overweight/obesity, respectively 3. A 1-unit (10%) increase in green and open space areas (t = −0.118, p = 0.008) was accompanied with a 12% BMI reduction |
1. Parkland proximity related to BMI: + 2. Parkland proximity related to overweight/obesity: − 3. Green and open space area related to BMI: − |
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| 2 | Easier access to urban green space was related to lower odds of overweight or obesity when an urban green space was within 1 km (β = −0.320, p < 0.01) | Accessibility of green space related to obesity: − |
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| 3 | 1. A significant negative association between residential greenness and overweight/obesity (odds = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.58, 0.92) 2. A significant negative association between residential greenness and abdominal obesity (odds = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.33, 0.91) |
1. Residential greenness related to overweight/obesity: − 2. Residential greenness related to abdominal obesity: − |
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| 4 | Each interquartile range (0.17 unit) increase in NDVI500-m was associated with 0.18 kg/m2 (95% CI = 0.24, 0.11) lower BMI, 20% (95% CI = 26%, 13%) lower odds for peripheral obesity, and 12% (95% CI = 17%, 7%) lower odds for central obesity | 1. Community greenness related to BMI: − 2. Community greenness related to odds for peripheral obesity: − 3. Community greenness related to odds for central obesity: − 4. Community greenness related to odds for waist circumference: 0 |
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| 5 | 1. In neighborhoods with a green space ratio lower than 28%, residents had a higher risk of overweight or obesity (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.46) 2. In neighborhoods with a green view index lower than 15%, residents had a higher risk of overweight/obesity (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.09, 1.52) 3. Evergreen tree configuration was found to be associated with overweight/obesity (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.09, 1.91) |
1. Green space ratio equal to or lower than 28% related to overweight/obesity: + 2. Green view index equal to or lower than 15% related to overweight/obesity: + 3. Evergreen trees configuration related to overweight/obese: + |
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| 6 | Perception of large parks positively correlates to BMI (β = 0.169, SE = 0.087, p = 0.053), while the perception of small parks has a negative association with BMI (β = −0.174, SE = 0.100, p = 0.082) | 1. Perception of large parks related to BMI: + 2. Perception of small parks related to BMI: − |
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| 7 | 1. Longer distance from parks relieves the risk of obesity or overweightness (β = −0.004, p < 0.01) 2. No direct correlation between the NDVI and residents’ BMI was found 3. View-based green index had an adverse effect on weight and obesity |
1. View-based green index related to obesity: − 2. NDVI related to BMI: 0 3. Distance from parks related to obesity/overweight: − |
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| 8 | 1. Green coverage rate was an important factor affecting residents’ BMI and has a significant negative impact on the risk of overweight or obesity (p < 0.05) 2. Distance to park had a negative effect on individual BMI, which was significant at 10.0% and 5.0% levels at the scale of neighborhood and 1 -km buffer, respectively |
1. Green coverage rate related to BMI, overweight, or obesity: − 2. Distance to the park related to BMI: − |
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| 9 | 1. Street greenness (β = −0.132, 95% CI = 0.019, 0.257) and the number of parks surrounding schools (β = −0.118, 95% CI = 0.006, 0.204) were significantly negatively associated with BMI with the 400 m buffer 2. NDVI has no significant effect on body weight (p > 0.05) |
1. Street greenness related to BMI: − 2. The number of parks surrounding schools related to BMI: − 3. NDVI related to body weight: 0 |
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| 10 | 1. An interquartile range increase in NDVI-1,000 m was associated with lower zBMI (β = −0.11, 95% CI = −0.13, −0.09) and waist circumference (β = −0.64, 95% CI = −0.78, −0.50) 2. An interquartile range increase in NDVI-100 m, NDVI-500 m, and NDVI-1,000 m was associated with 7–20% lower odds of overweight/obesity |
1. NDVI-1,000 m related to zBMI: − 2. NDVI-1,000 m related to waist circumference: − 3. NDVI-100 m, NDVI-500 m, and NDVI-1,000 m related to odds of overweight/obesity: − |
Correlation: + positively, − negatively, 0 insignificantly. BMI, body mass index; NDVI, normalized difference vegetation index.