Table 1.
Characteristics of all children and those with healthy weight and overweight/obesity (n = 4,513)
| All children, n (%) | Healthy weight (N = 3,785) | Overweight/obesity (N = 728) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 7.10±0.34 | 7.10±0.34 | 7.10±0.32 | 0.975 |
| Sex | ||||
| Girls | 1,946 (43.1) | 1,715 (88.1) | 231 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Boys | 2,567 (56.9) | 2,070 (80.6) | 497 (19.4) | |
| Percentage of food expenditure according to income | ||||
| >50% | 995 (22.0) | 775 (83.2) | 156 (16.8) | |
| 30–50% | 2,451 (56.3) | 1,996 (82.8) | 415 (17.2) | 0.950 |
| <30% | 977 (21.6) | 757 (82.8) | 157 (17.2) | |
| Father overweight/obese | ||||
| No | 2,428 (58.7) | 1,445 (87.3) | 211 (12.7) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1,706 (41.3) | 898 (75.4) | 293 (24.6) | |
| Mother overweight/obese | ||||
| No | 2,491 (86.3) | 2,047 (83.8) | 396 (16.2) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 395 (13.7) | 278 (72.0) | 108 (28.0) | |
| Parents’ educational level | ||||
| Junior middle and below | 838 (18.6) | 660 (82.5) | 140 (17.5) | |
| Junior high/junior college | 2,588 (57.3) | 2,048 (84.2) | 390 (16.0) | 0.046 |
| Bachelor degree or above | 1,087 (24.1) | 820 (80.6) | 198 (19.4) | |
| Breastfeeding | ||||
| Bottle-feeding | 479 (11.5) | 394 (82.4) | 84 (17.6) | |
| Breastfeeding | 3,097 (74.5) | 2,527 (83.0) | 516 (17.0) | 0.598 |
| Mixed | 579 (13.9) | 466 (81.3) | 107 (18.7) | |
| Cesarean section | ||||
| No | 2,434 (59.8) | 2,021 (84.5) | 372 (15.5) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1,637 (40.2) | 1,294 (79.9) | 325 (20.1) | |
| Birth weight, g | ||||
| <2,500 | 197 (4.7) | 161 (86.1) | 26 (13.9) | |
| 2,500–4,000 | 3,706 (89.1) | 2,911 (83.2) | 588 (16.8) | <0.001 |
| >4,000 | 257 (6.2) | 176 (71.5) | 70 (28.5) | |
| Physical exercise, hr/day | ||||
| <1 | 1,090 (26.4) | 897 (83.9) | 172 (16.1) | |
| 1–2 | 1,726 (41.8) | 1,402 (82.3) | 302 (17.7) | 0.539 |
| >2 | 1,311 (31.8) | 1,072 (82.9) | 221 (17.1) | |
| Watching TV, hr/day | ||||
| <1 | 2,385 (61.6) | 1,948 (82.8) | 406 (17.2) | |
| 1–2 | 1,065 (27.5) | 875 (83.5) | 173 (16.5) | 0.838 |
| >2 | 424 (10.9) | 343 (82.5) | 73 (17.5) | |
| Picky eaters | ||||
| No | 1,757 (42.3) | 1,307 (75.5) | 423 (24.5) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 2,397 (57.7) | 2,084 (88.2) | 280 (11.8) | |
| Fried/baked food, times/week | ||||
| <1 | 3,499 (86.4) | 2,867 (81.3) | 582 (18.7) | |
| 1–3 | 397 (9.8) | 317 (81.5) | 72 (18.5) | 0.629 |
| >3 | 153 (3.8) | 124 (81.0) | 29 (19.0) | |
| Late-night dinner, times/week | ||||
| <1 | 3,051 (73.5) | 50 (82.0) | 11 (18.0) | |
| 1–3 | 1,040 (25.0) | 858 (83.4) | 171 (16.6) | 0.852 |
| >3 | 61 (1.5) | 2,482 (82.7) | 521 (17.3) | |
| Fruit, times/week | ||||
| <3 | 1,344 (32.3) | 1,100 (83.4) | 219 (16.6) | |
| 4–6 | 1,286 (30.9) | 1,057 (83.0) | 217 (17.0) | 0.623 |
| ≥7 | 1,528 (36.7) | 1,234 (82.0) | 270 (18.0) | |
| Vegetable, times/week | ||||
| <3 | 1,125 (27.0) | 917 (82.6) | 193 (17.4) | |
| 4–6 | 698 (16.8) | 571 (82.9) | 118 (17.1) | 0.989 |
| ≥7 | 2,340 (56.2) | 1,906 (82.8) | 397 (17.2) | |
| Snacks, times/week | ||||
| 1–3 | 2,383 (57.9) | 1,453 (61.0) | 257 (38.9) | |
| 4–6 | 1,012 (24.6) | 1,698 (82.1) | 370 (17.9) | 0.007 |
| ≥7 | 719 (17.5) | 215 (77.3) | 63 (22.7) | |
| Other household members smoke (number) | ||||
| 0 | 2,786 (67.5) | 2,278 (82.9) | 470 (17.1) | |
| 1 | 1,007 (24.4) | 825 (83.1) | 168 (16.9) | 0.784 |
| 2 | 336 (8.1) | 268 (81.5) | 61 (18.5) | |
| Mother exposed to SHS during pregnancy | ||||
| No | 2,826 (76.7) | 2,213 (83.1) | 450 (16.9) | 0.091 |
| Yes | 860 (23.3) | 662 (80.5) | 160 (19.5) | |
| Paternal smoking | ||||
| No | 2,386 (52.9) | 2,028 (85.0) | 358 (15.0) | 0.032 |
| Yes | 2,127 (47.1) | 1,757 (82.6) | 370 (17.4) | |
Data are n (%) or mean (SD). SHS, second-hand smoke. aChildren with sex–age-specific BMI ≥85 percentile and BMI ≥95 percentile were classified as overweight and obese; all other children were classified as healthy weight.