Table 3.
Multivariate regression analysis of the association of different paternal-smoking exposure periods and overweight and obesity in children and by sex (n = 4,513)
| Total |
Boys |
Girls |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model Ia | Model IIb | Model Ia | Model IIb | Model Ia | Model IIb | |||||||
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| No paternal smoking (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Only preconception exposure | 1.41 (1.07–1.85) | 0.015 | 1.54 (1.14–2.08) | 0.004 | 1.78 (1.27–2.49) | 0.001 | 2.11 (1.45–3.08) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.55–1.43) | 0.612 | 0.91 (0.54–1.53) | 0.709 |
| Only postconception exposure | 0.73 (0.30–1.82) | 0.502 | 0.78 (0.28–2.15) | 0.624 | 0.67 (0.22–2.04) | 0.483 | 0.52 (0.14–1.99) | 0.345 | 0.97 (0.20–4.61) | 0.968 | 1.36 (0.27–6.86) | 0.713 |
| Both pre- and postconception exposure | 1.55 (1.02–2.14) | 0.041 | 1.73 (1.14–2.61) | 0.009 | 1.75 (1.11–2.75) | 0.016 | 2.22 (1.34–3.67) | 0.002 | 1.04 (0.52–2.05) | 0.908 | 1.08 (0.50–2.31) | 0.846 |
OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; SHS, second-hand smoke.
a
Model I: adjusting for sex, actual age, father overweight, mother overweight, percentage of food expenditure, educational level of parents, cesarean section birth, birth weight, breastfeeding, other household smoking, and mother exposed to SHS during pregnancy.
b
Model II: model I plus picky eaters, TV watching time, physical exercise, frequency of eating fried/baked food, late-night dinners, and vegetables, fruit, and snacks consumption.