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The cell proliferation of human valve interstitial cells was suppressed by fructose at high concentration. The cell proliferation of human valve interstitial cells (hVICs) after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h incubated with 0, 0.2, 2, or 20 mM fructose. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 3–4 in each experimental group. The sample size of each group was noted on the bar. ∗p < 0.05 versus 0 mM fructose, time-matched group using the nonparametric, Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Dunn post hoc method.
