Fig. 2.

The expressions of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin as well as mineral deposition in human valve interstitial cells were increased by fructose at high concentration. Representative gels and densitometric analyses of (A) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (B) osteocalcin (C) α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and (D) collagen III detected at 24 h incubated with 0, 2, or 20 mM fructose (E) Mineral deposition detected by Alizarin Red staining. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 4–6 in each experimental group. The sample size of each group was noted on the bar. ∗p < 0.05 versus 0 mM fructose group using the nonparametric, Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Dunn post hoc method. Arrow head: mineral deposition. Scale: 100 μm.