Fig. 4.

The mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate in human valve interstitial cells were enhanced by fructose at high concentration (A) Schematic illustration of the elements of basal respiration, ATP production capacity and maximal respiratory capacity calculated from the curve of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) (B) The profile of oxygen consumption rates (OCR) of hVICs (C) basal respiration (area under curve of OCR before oligo. Injection; area I) (D) ATP production capacity (area under curve of OCR between oligo. and FCCP injection; area II), and (E) maximal respiratory capacity (area under curve of OCR between FCCP and AMA injection; area III) of hVICs detected at 24 h incubated with 0, 2, or 20 mM fructose. OCR was measured under basal conditions followed by the sequential addition of oligomycin (oligo.; 0.25 μM), FCCP (1 μM), and antimycin A (AMA 1 μM; as arrow indicated). Each data point represents an OCR measurement. Values are mean ± SEM of analyses (n = 9–11 independent experiments). The sample size of each group was noted on the bar. ∗p < 0.05 versus the common medium with 0 mM fructose using the nonparametric, Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Dunn post hoc method.