Table 2.

Summary of reports on management of patients with refractory fistula using vascularized pedicle flaps.

Year	Author	Type of flap	Summary of the involved cases	Outcome
1998	Heitmiller, RF24	PMF	Cervical anastomotic stricture (n = 2), anastomotic leakage (n = 1)	Small leakage (n = 2), seroma in the donor site (n = 1); all healed with good function outcome
1998	Williums, JK23	PMF	Retrosternal esophago-colol anastomotic leakage (n = 1)	Healed with good function outcome
2006	Hirao, M22	PMF with T-tube drainage	Cervical esophageal anastomosis after esophagectomy for cancer using a jejunum interposition (n = 1)	Healed with good function outcome
2010	Morita, M21	PMF	Anastomotic leakage after esophageal reconstruction via the subcutaneous route (n = 6)	Primarily healed (n = 5), leakage recurrence and healed after conservative wound care (n = 1)
2014	Nakajima, M20	Sternocleidomastoid muscle flap	Cervical anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer (n = 8)	Healed with good function result
2015	Yin, K19	PMF	Colon conduit necrosis and cervical-oesophageal discontinuity (n = 1)	Healed with good function result