Table 2.
Similar published clinical series on endoscopic repair of frontal sinus CSF leaks.
| Study | Number of cases | Etiology | Surgical approach | Reconstruction | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shi et al.,22 2010 | 15 | Trauma (14), spontaneous (1) | Draf IIa (9), Draf IIb (4), combined open and endoscopic (2) | Inlay muscle, onlay fascia +/- mucosa, bone in > 2 cm defects | Revision for leak (1), revision for frontal stenosis (1) |
| Jones et al.,14 2012 | 24 | Spontaneous (13), trauma (11) | Draf IIB(21), Draf III (3), Draf IIA + trephine (1) | Inlay synthetic, onlay mucosa, septal flap (16), bone graft for suspected ICP | Revision for leak (2), revision frontal stenosis (1) |
| Jahanshahi et al.,13 2017 | 24 | Trauma (18), Spontaneous (6), No tumor cases | Draf Iib (20), Draf III (3), Draf IIa (1) | Autografts double layer- Inlay fat/muscle, onlay fascia | Revision for leak (1), revision frontal (1) |
| Bozkurt et al.,6 2019 | 53 | Trauma (26), Iatrogenic (13), Spontaneous (14) | Endoscopic- Draf IIA (5), Draf IIB (5), Draf III (3), Draf III + orbital transposition (4) endoscopic + OPF (23), endoscopic + craniotomy(13) | autologous materials, triple-layer for large defects, double layer for small defects, gasket-seal | Revision for frontal stenosis (3) |
| Present study | 22 | Trauma (17), spontaneous (5) | Draf IIA (3), Draf IIB (9), Draf III (5), Draf IIB + trephine (5) | autologus materials, double layer for small defects, triple layer for large defects (fascia+/- cartilage for defects > 2 cm) | Revision for frontal stenosis (2) |