Table 4.

Prevalence and swallowing outcomes assessed and demonstrated by the selected studies.

Study authorship, publication date	Swallowing outcomes				Absolute number of patients with the outcome/total of patients (affectation disease)
Warnecke et al., 20099	FEDSS				Number of patients who presented each score
	1				73
	2				25
	3				20
	4				15
	5				12
	6				8
	FEDSS prediction for modified ranking scale
	Independence (mRS 0–2)				76 (49.7%)
	Dependency (mRS 3–6)				77 (50.3%)
Warnecke et al., 201026	Dysphagia severity
	Non-relevant findings				3∕18 (PSP)		2∕15 (PD)
	Mild dysphagia				7∕18 (PSP)		5∕15 (PD)
	Moderate dysphagia				5∕18 (PSP)		3∕15 (PD)
	Severe dysphagia				3∕18 (PSP)		5∕15 (PD)
Mandysova et al., 201121	Change in FEES × Change in BBDS				31 (87) × 66 (87); S = 87.1%; E = 30.4%
	Change in FEES × Change in BBDS neurological patients				21 (72) × 57 (72); S = 95.2%; E = 27.5%
D’Ottaviano et al., 201331	Changes in the swallowing phases
	Oral preparation				7/11 (ALS)
	Oral and pharyngeal transit				11/11 (ALS)
	Pharyngeal phase				11/11 (ALS)
	Laryngeal penetration or tracheal aspiration				10/11 (ALS)
Pilz et al., 201436	Aspiration of thin liquid				17/45 (DM1)
	Aspiration of thick liquid				02/45 (DM1)
	Mean difference between DM1 × controls
	Thin liquid				0.56 (0.17. 0.95)
	Thick liquid				1.27 (0.90. 1.64)
	Solid				1.63 (0.46. 5.87)
	The major difference between groups is in relation to a larger piece of solid compared to the liquid.
Somasundaram et al., 201437	Clinical evaluation outcomes and FEES, n (%)				Dysphagia (n = 41)		Without dysphagia (n = 26)
	Dysarthria				9 (22)		10 (39)
	Dysphonia				4 (10)		7 (27)
	Altered gag reflection				13 (32)		2 (8)
	Altered voluntary cough				26 (63)		8 (31)
	Cough after swallowing				25 (61)		5 (19)
	Vocal alteration after swallowing				1 (3)		1 (4)
Leder et al., 201622	Patients’ oral intake status
	Men
	Oral route				392∕961
	Nothing by mouth				132∕961
	Women
	Via oral				329∕961
	Nothing by mouth				105∕961
Marian et al., 201732	Dysphagia severity scale (FEEDS)
	Grade 1 normal				0/50 (stroke)
	Grade 2				0/50 (stroke)
	Grade 3				24/50 (stroke)
	Grade 4				6/50 (stroke)
	Grade 5				18/50 (stroke)
	Grade 6 severe				0/50 (stroke)
de Lima Alvarenga et al., 201823	Saliva stasis				94 (no) 6 (yes)
	Pharyngeal residue				61 (no) 39 (yes)
	Laryngeal penetration				91 (no) 9 (yes)
	Aspiration				98 (no) 2 (yes)
	Laryngeal sensitivity				8 (no) 92 (yes)
Nienstedt et al., 201827	DSFS score	PD patients (119)	PAS 1–2 (80)	PAS 7–8 (28)	PD patients (119)		Controls (32)
	2 (moist lips only)	59 (50%)	46 (58%)	11 (39%)	88 (74%)		28 (88%)
	4	18 (15%)	14 (18%)	4 (14%)	25 (21%)		3 (9%)
	5	20 (17%)	11 (14%)	5 (18%)	3 (3%)		0 (0%)
	6	10 (8%)	5 (6%)	3 (11%)	3 (3%)		1 (3%)
	7	8 (7%)	4 (5%)	2 (7%)
	8	1 (1%)	0 (0%)	1 (4%)
	9 Sialorrhea (constantly wetting clothes, hands, objects)	3 (3%)	0 (0%)	2 (7%)
Pflug et al., 201828	Parkinson’s Disease Patients (119)
	Presence of dysphagia, n (%)				113 (95)
	Laryngeal penetration or aspiration, n (%)				66 (55)
	Aspiration alone, n (%)				30 (25)
	Consistency with higher percentage of aspiration				Liquid (water)
	PAS of patients with water aspiration, n (%)				7–8. 28 (23.5)
	PAS of patients with bread-and-butter aspiration, n				7–8. 5 of the previous 28
	SBP 2–6, n (%)				37 (31%)
	Waste in general, most commonly with bread, n (%)				111 (93%)
	Build-up with bread				60 (50%)
	Build-up considered severe				23 (19%)
	Premature leakage (score >1) for water, n (%)				11 (8)
	Premature leakage (score >1) for cracker, n (%)				21 (18)
	Premature leakage (score >1) for bread, n (%)				4 (3)
Umay et al., 201840	Outcomes in EAT-10 and FEES				EAT-10		FEES
	Group 1 (n = 24) without dysphagia				9 (37.5%)		0
	Group 2 (n = 12) with dysphagia				10 (83.3%)		11 (91.7%)
	Group 3 (n = 25) healthy controls				2 (8%)		0
Braun et al., 201924	FEDSS (2–6) determining dysphagia				110 (72.4%)
	FOIS (diet modification)				105 (69.1%)
					48 (31.6%) with oral restriction
					57 (37.5%) decreased restrictions
					76.6% nothing by mouth (did not change the initial outcome before and after FEES)
Farneti et al., 201941	Time – Consistency – FOIS scale:
	Total time – pasty				−1.32
	Time in sec – pasty				1.12
	Total time – regular (solid)				−1.92
	Time in sec – regular				−2.43
	Total time – liquid				−0.43
	Time in sec – liquid				−0.90
	Time-Consistency-DOSS scale:
	Total time – pasty				−0.29
	Time in sec – pasty				0.02
	Total time – regular (solid)				−1.33
	Time in sec – regular				−0.93
	Total time – liquid				−0.48
	Time in sec – liquid				−0.63
Imaizumi et al., 201934	Outcomes assessed:				Swallowing disorder not detectable (n = 64)		Detectable change in swallowing (n = 42)
	FEES score				2		5
	Laryngotracheal aspiration (number of patients)				7		17
	Mean laryngeal penetration-aspiration score				1		2
	Ability to eat by mouth (International Classification of Functionality) (number of patients) level 2
Suntrup-Krueger et al., 201925					Successful extubation (101)		Reintubation (32)
	The 3-ounce water swallow test
	Time after extubation, hours				16.6 ± 15.5		18.1 ± 43.2
	Test failure, n (%)				12 (17.6)		13 (68.4)
	Secretion assessment, n (%)
	Normal				70 (82.4)		6 (23.1)
	Vallecula				7 (8.2)		1 (3.8)
	Laryngeal vestibule, temporarily				7 (8.2)		7 (26.9)
	Laryngeal vestibule, permanently				1 (1.2)		12 (46.2)
	Murray’s Secretion Scale				0.3 ± 0.7		2.0 ± 1.2
	Frequency of spontaneous swallowing, n (%)
	0 min				0 (0.0)		8 (30.8)
	1–3 min				32 (37.6)		15 (57.7)
	>3 min				53 (62.4)		3 (11.5)
	Pharyngeal sensitivity, n (%)
	Intact				40 (47.1)		1 (3.8)
	Reduced				15 (17.6)		12 (46.2)
	Absent				4 (4.7)		7 (26.9)
	Not specified				26 (30.6)		6 (23.1)
	Pasty consistency, exposed n (%)				73 (85.9)		7 (26.9)
	Penetration				13 (15.3)		3 (11.5)
	Aspiration				4 (4.7)		3 (11.5)
	Liquid, exposed n (%)				77 (90.6)		19 (73.1)
	Penetration				37 (43.5)		18 (69.2)
	Aspiration				25 (29.4)		15 (57.7)
	Soft solid, exposed n (%)				33 (38.8)		0 (0.0)
	Penetration				1 (1.2)		–
	Aspiration				0 (0.0)		–
	Posterior leakage
	Without leakage				21 (24.7)		0 (0.0)
	In vallecula				21 (24.7)		2 (7.7)
	In pyriform sinus				14 (16.5)		4 (15.4)
	In laryngeal vestibule				17 (20.0)		17 (65.4)
	Not specified				12 (14.1)		3 (11.5)
Schröder et al., 201935	Discrete pharyngeal residues, n (%)				10 (50%)
	Location of these residues, valleculae				10 (100%)
	Location of these residues, pyriform sinuses				3 (30%)
	Premature leakage				0 (0%)
	Penetration/aspiration events				0 (0%)
	Concentration of substance P in saliva
	In patients with pharyngeal dysphagia				9.644 pg∕mL
	In control patients				17.591 pg∕mL
Shapira-Galitz et al.,201930	Outcomes in patients with neurological diagnoses:				54 (39.7%)
	EAT-10 Hebrew validation				15.87 ± 8.98
	Penetration-aspiration scale				4.43 ± 3.04
	FEES score				2.56 ± 2.0
	FOIS – Functional Oral Intake Scale				5.85 ± 1.42
Souza et al., 201938					First FEES		Last FEES
					5 mL	10 mL	5 mL	10 mL
	Pasty
	Posterior oral leakage				1	1	1	NT
	Pharyngeal residues in valleculae				2	2	3	NT
	Pharyngeal residues in pyriform sinuses				1	2		NT
	Laryngeal penetration				0	0	3	NT
	Laryngotracheal aspiration				0	0	0	NT
	Thickened liquid				1	1	1	NT
	Posterior oral leakage				1	2	2	NT
	Pharyngeal residues in valleculae				1	2	2	NT
	Pharyngeal residues in pyriform sinuses				1	1	2	NT
	Laryngeal penetration				3	3	5	NT
	Laryngotracheal aspiration				0	00		NT
	Liquid
	Posterior oral leakage				1	1	1	NT
	Pharyngeal residues in valleculae				1	1	1	NT
	Pharyngeal residues in pyriform sinuses				1	1	1	NT
	Laryngeal penetration				3	3	5	NT
	Laryngotracheal aspiration				0	0	7
Souza et al., 201939	Total frequency of residues in pasty and liquid consistencies				Presence		Absence
	Pasty (n = 30)				19 (63.33%)		11 (36.67%)
	Thickened liquid (n = 27)				16 (59.26%)		11 (40.74%)
	Residues in valleculae, pasty consistency				Yale scale (0–2)		Yale scale (3–4)
	GI				9 (90%)		1 (10%)
	GII				9 (90%)		1 (10%)
	GIII				9 (90%)		1 (10%)
	Consistency of residues in pyriform sinuses
	Pasty
	GI				10 (100%)		0 (0%)
	GII				9 (90%)		1 (10%)
	GIII				10 (100%)		0 (0%)
	Consistency of residues in valleculae, thickened liquid
	GI				9 (100%)		0 (0%)
	GII				8 (89%)		1 (11%)
	GIII				9 (100%)		0 (0%)
	Consistency of residues in pyriform sinuses, thickened liquid
	GI				9 (100%)		0 (0%)
	GII				8 (89%)		1 (11%)
	GIII				9 (100%)		0 (0%)
Gozzer et al., 201933	Outcomes assessed:				Liquid	Thickened liquid	Pasty
	Posterior oral leakage				10 (55%)	10 (52.6%)	10 (50%)
	Pharyngeal residue				4 (22.2%)	8 (42.1%)	8 (40%)
	Laryngeal penetration				7 (38.8%)	5 (26.3%)	6 (30%)
	Laryngotracheal aspiration				3 (16.6%)	1 (5.2%)	1 (5%)

BBDS, brief bedside dysphagia screening; S, sensitivity; E, specificity; FEEDS, Functional Evaluation of Eating Difficulties Scale; PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy; PD, Parkinson’s disease; FEES, fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing; FEDSS, fiberoptic endoscopic dysphagia severity score; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; DM 1, muscular dystrophy type 1; PAS, penetration-aspiration scale; EAT-10, Eating Assessment Tool; FOIS, Functional Oral Intake Scale; NT, not tested.