TABLE 1.
Level of Evidence
| Author | Year | Type of Study | Level of Evidence | Summary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pickering et al27 | 2010 | Crossover | III | Simulation cases to test novel EHR in ICU |
| Beasley et al13 | 2011 | Expert opinion | VII | Defining information chaos |
| Ahmed et al16 | 2011 | Randomized crossover study | II | Assessment of physician cognitive load with 2 different EHR interfaces |
| Middleton et al4 | 2013 | Expert opinion | VII | EHR improvement recommendations |
| March et al6 | 2013 | Controlled trial | III | Simulation to assess EHR safety in the ICU setting |
| Singh et al14 | 2013 | Descriptive | VI | Assessment of physician information overload due to excessive alerting |
| Clarke et al19 | 2014 | Descriptive | VI | Physicians identifying important sections of notes |
| Adler-Milstein et al3 | 2015 | Cohort | IV | Hospital performance after EHR adoption |
| Koopman et al10 | 2015 | Descriptive | VI | Assessment of primary care physician interpretation of EHR notes |
| Sinsky et al5 | 2016 | Descriptive | VI | Allocation of physician time in ambulatory practice |
| Sittig et al9 | 2016 | Descriptive | VI | Unintended consequences of EHR |
| Wright et al15 | 2016 | Descriptive | VI | Observation of physician EHR viewing patterns |
| Senathirajah et al22 | 2016 | Mixed methods | V | Comparing user composable EHR versus nonuser composable |
| Zulman et al7 | 2016 | Expert opinion | VII | How EHR takes away from the physician-patient interaction |
| Arndt et al8 | 2017 | Descriptive | VI | Time spent with EHR among primary care physicians |
| Vainiomäki et al12 | 2017 | Descriptive | VI | EHR factors relating to physician well-being |
| Zelmer et al1 | 2017 | Descriptive | VI | International EHR information exchange |
| Belden et al20 | 2017 | Controlled trial | III | Assessing cognitive load based on different note organization |
| Ancker et al24 | 2017 | Retrospective cohort study | IV | Studying the effects of alert fatigue on physicians |
| Howe et al11 | 2018 | Descriptive | VI | Measuring contribution of EHR to patient harm |
| Kahn et al21 | 2018 | Multicenter, nonrandomized prospective trial | III | Assessing improvement in note bloat after intervention |
| Ratwani et al23 | 2018 | Controlled trial | III | Comparing differences in physician EHR competency with differing training levels |
| Khairat et al28 | 2018 | Observational | VI | Survey of physician satisfaction with EHR after performing clinical simulations |
| Shah et al25 | 2019 | Controlled trial | III | Assessing changes in physician workload after reducing unnecessary alerts |
| Murphy et al26 | 2019 | Expert opinion | VII | Interviews to discuss EMR inbox shortfalls |
| Khairat et al29 | 2019 | Cohort | VI | Differences in EHR use between men and women |
| Al Ghalayini et al17 | 2020 | Controlled trial | IV | Assess performance and perception of modified EHR |
| Berg et al18 | 2020 | Descriptive | VI | Residents’ perspectives on EHR use |
| Melnick et al30 | 2020 | Descriptive | VI | Survey to assess usability and EHR perceptions |
| Melnick et al31 | 2020 | Descriptive | VI | Survey to assess EHR usability and physician burnout |