Table 13.

Comparison of multimodal functions with SOS, PSO, JAYA, DE, and WOA

Function		MFO	S0S	PSO	JAYA	DE	WOA
M16	M SD	0 0	0 0	3.03E−02 2.61E−17	3.04E+02 2.69E+02	0 0	0 0
M17	M SD	8.88E−016 0	1.00E−15 6.38E−16	1.81E+01 5.48	1.96E+01 6.58E−01	1.71 0	4.44E−15 0
M18	M SD	0 0	0 0	4.05E+01 4.13E+01	1.26E+02 3.41E+01	9.22E−17 2.04E−17	0 0
M19	M SD	0 0	0 0	1.44E+02 3.79E+01	1.19E+02 1.26E+01	1.24E+01 3.30	0 0
M20	M SD	0 0	1.82E−01 1.20E−01	0 0	3.50E+02 1.24E+02	0 0	0 0
M21	M SD	−4.11E−001 3.69E−001	8.84E+01 1.22E−03	− 1.00E+00 0.00E+00	−7.24E−14 4.03E−13	− 1.00 0	− 1 0
M22	M SD	−4.05E+02 3.58E+01	7.04E−25 9.02E−25	− 7.57E+03 8.88E+02	−4.03E+02 3.69E+01	− 4.56E+12 3.19E+12	− 4.18E+02 0
M23	M SD	0 0	0 0	0 0	1.57E+02 1.86E+01	6.49E+02 3.48E+01	2.56E+03 9.83E−02
M24	M SD	0 0	0 0	0 0	1.06E+01 7.62E−01	1.97E+01 4.17E−01	3.34E+01 2.98E−01
M25	M SD	0 0	0 0	9.98E−02 1.99E−13	2.81E+01 1.35	4.20E+01 5.20E−01	5.25E+01 4.53E−01