Table 3.

Study characteristics and main results from studies that assessed individual travel measures

Reference, country	Study design	Public health measure	Sample size	Outcome measure	Study duration	Effect estimates: conclusions	Risk of bias
Emeto et al,62 Africa	Natural experiment	Border closure	9 countries	Rt	14 Feb-19 Jul 2020	See supplementary table for data on all countries: minimal effect on reducing transmission (Rt)*†	Serious or critical
Liu et al,58 USA	Natural experiment	Interstate travel restrictions	50 states	Rt	21 Jan-31 May 2020	Risk ratio 0.89 (95% confidence interval 0.84 to 0.95): contributed about 11% to reduction in Rt*	Moderate
Mitra et al,54 Australia	Retrospective cohort	Screening for fever	65 000 people	Daily growth rate	9 Mar-13 May 2020	Sensitivity 24%: 86% of cases not detected—poor sensitivity of identifying people with SARS-CoV-2*	Moderate

R0=reproductive number; Rt=time varying reproductive number.

^*Interpretation of findings as reported in the original manuscript.

^†Not an effective intervention