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. 2022 Aug 5;9(8):ofac404. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac404

Table 1.

Research and Development Incentives for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers

Push Incentives: Used to decrease the overall cost of R&D and offer grants and tax credits early in the development process Pull Incentives: Used to support novel antibiotics in later-stage trials and post-FDA approval

  1. Public-private relationships between the FDA, academia, and the pharmaceutical industry, such as the NIAID, ARLG, BARDA, CARB-X, and more

  2. Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now (GAIN) Act of 2012

  1. Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now (GAIN) Act of 2012

  2. 21st Century Cures Act of 2016

  3. New technology add-on payments

  4. Developing an Innovative Strategy for Antimicrobial-Resistant Microorganisms (DISARM) Acta

  5. Pioneering Antimicrobial Subscriptions to End Upsurging Resistance (PASTEUR) Acta

Source: [14].

Abbreviations: ARLG, Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group; BARDA, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority; CARB-X, Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator; NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; R&D, research and development.

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