Table 4.
Nonrandomized or uncontrolled trials of TRE with duration ≥4 wk in participants with overweight/obesity
| Study | Participants | Intervention | Duration | Comparator | Weight Change | Cardiometabolic Outcomes | Adherence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anton et al. (61) |
N = 10 60% female Age 77 BMI 34 ± 1 Insulin-dependent diabetes excluded |
8-h TRE: self-selected eating window | 4 wk | Baseline | TRE: −2.2% (P < 0.05) |
No change: fasting glucose | Food diaries TRE: 84% of days |
| Parr et al. (89) |
N = 19 53% female Age 50 ± 2 BMI 34 ± 1 Type 2 diabetes |
9-h TRE: ad libitum from 1000 to 1900 | 4 wk | Baseline | TRE: −0.8% (P > 0.05) |
No change: HbA1c, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, plasma TG, blood pressure | All food logged and/or photographed in app TRE: 72% of days |
| Kim et al. (72) |
N = 15 60% male Age 37 ± 2 BMI 29 ± 1 Diabetes excluded |
8-h late TRE: 2 meals provided to be eaten between 1200 and 2000. Calories restricted to 1,350 kcal/day | 4 wk | Baseline | TRE (+CR): −4.6% (P > 0.05) |
Decreased: fasting insulin No change: fasting glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-C, plasma TG |
All food provided Daily phone calls to monitor adherence Excluded if nonadherent >2 times in a week |
| Li et al. (66) |
N = 15 100% female Age 18–31 BMI 30 ± 1 Polycystic ovarian syndrome |
8-h early TRE: ad libitum from 0800 to 1600 | 5 wk | Baseline | TRE: −1.7% (P value not reported) |
Decreased: fasting insulin, OGTT insulin AUC, HOMA-IR No change: fasting glucose, OGTT glucose AUC |
Food diaries Adherence not reported |
| Zhao et al. (94) |
N = 15 100% male Age 63 ± 1 BMI 31 ± 1 Diabetes excluded |
10-h TRE: ad libitum during self-selected eating window ending before 1930 | 8 wk | Baseline | TRE: −2.4% (P <0.05) |
Decreased: fasting glucose No change: fasting insulin, blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL-C, plasma TG |
All food logged and/or photographed in app Mean eating window: 10.6 h |
| Przulj et al. (75) |
N = 50 74% female Age 50 ± 2 BMI 35 ± 1 |
8-h TRE: ad libitum during a self-selected eating window | 12 wk | Baseline | TRE: −3.6% (P < 0.05) |
No change: total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, plasma TG, blood pressure | Weekly phone calls with self-estimated adherence TRE: 5–6 days/wk |
| Gabel et al. (56) |
N = 23 87% female Age 50 ± 2 BMI 35 ± 1 Diabetes excluded |
8-h TRE: ad libitum from 1000 to 1800 | 12 wk | Historical controls from previous weight loss study | TRE: −2.6% CON: 0.0% (P < 0.05) |
No change: fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, plasma TG | Daily logging TRE: 5.6 ± 0.3 days/wk |
| Kesztyüs et al. (64) |
N = 40 78% female Age 49 ± 2 BMI 31 ± 1 Metabolic syndrome |
8- to 9-h TRE: ad libitum, self-selected eating window | 12 wk | Baseline | TRE: −1.9% (P value not reported) |
Decreased: HbA1c No change: total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, plasma TG |
Food diaries TRE: 86% of days |
| Wilkinson et al. (90) |
N = 19 68% male Age 59 ± 3 BMI 33 ± 1 Metabolic syndrome |
10-h TRE: self-selected eating window | 12 wk | Baseline | TRE: −3% (P < 0.05) |
Decreased: total cholesterol, LDL-C No change: fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, HDL-C, plasma TG |
All food logged and/or photographed in app Mean eating window: 10.8 h |
| Schroder et al. (74) |
N = 32 100% female Age 38 ± 1 BMI 33 ± 1 |
8-h late TRE: ad libitum from 1200 to 2000 | 3 mo | Controls instructed to continue baseline eating habits | TRE: −4.0% CON: +1.5% (P < 0.05) |
Decreased: systolic blood pressure No change: fasting glucose, fasting insulin, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, plasma TG |
Daily text reminders Adherence not assessed |
| Kesztyüs et al. (99) |
N = 63 86% female Age 48 ± 1 BMI 26 ± 1 |
8- to 9-h TRE: ad libitum during a self-selected eating window | 3 mo | Baseline | TRE: −1.8% (P < 0.05) |
Increased: total cholesterol No change: HDL-C, LDL-C, plasma TG |
Food diaries TRE: 72% of days |
| Prasad et al. (92) |
N = 14 75% female Age 51 ± 3 BMI 30 ± 3 Baseline eating window >14 h |
10-h TRE: ad libitum during a self-selected eating window | 3 mo | Baseline | TRE: −1.6% (P < 0.05) |
Decreased: systolic blood pressure No change: diastolic blood pressure |
All food logged and/or photographed in app Mean eating window: 12.0 h |
| Gill and Panda (11) |
N = 8 63% male Age 35 ± 3 BMI 33 ± 2 >14-h eating window No metabolic syndrome or cardiovascular disease |
Self-selected eating window of 10–12 h | 16 wk | Baseline | TRE: −3.4% (P value not reported) |
Not reported | All food logged and/or photographed in app Mean reduction in eating window: 4.5 h |
Age (yr) and body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) are means ± SE (or mean only if SD or SE was not reported) for N subjects. Adherence is reported as mean eating window or by % of adherent days if mean eating window was not described. AUC, area under curve; CON, control; CR, caloric restriction; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; TG, triglyceride; TRE, time-restricted eating.