Table 5.
Randomized controlled trials of TRE with duration ≥4 wk in participants with normal weight
| Study | Participants | Intervention | Duration | Comparator | Weight Change (P value vs. Control) | Cardiometabolic Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| McAllister et al. (63) |
N = 22 100% male Age 22 ± 1 BMI 29 ± 2 |
8-h TRE: ad libitum, self-selected eating window | 4 wk | 8-h TRE: calorie tracking to maintain within 300 kcal/day of baseline | TRE ad libitum: −0.4% (P > 0.05) TRE isocaloric: −0.7% (P > 0.05) |
Increased: HDL-C, adiponectin Decreased: blood pressure No change: fasting glucose, fasting insulin, total cholesterol, LDL-C, plasma TG |
| Stratton et al. (67) |
N = 26 100% male Age 23 ± 1 BMI 26 |
8-h TRE: 25% caloric deficit prescribed | 4 wk | 25% caloric-deficit diet prescribed without time restriction | TRE: −1.5% CON: −1.7% (P > 0.05) |
Not reported |
| Moro et al. (73) |
N = 16 100% male Age 19 ± 1 BMI 22 ± 1 Elite cyclists |
8-h TRE: 3 meals between 1000 and 1800 | 4 wk | 3 meals between 0700 and 2100 | TRE: −1.9% CON: +0.3% (P < 0.05) |
No change: fasting glucose, fasting insulin, total cholesterol, plasma TG |
| Correia et al. (69) |
N = 12 100% male Age 22 ± 1 BMI 24 ± 1 |
8-h late TRE: 2–3 meals from 1300 to 2100 | 4 wk | No meal time restriction Crossover design |
TRE: −0.3% CON: −0.1% (P > 0.05) |
Not reported |
| Tovar et al. (78) |
N = 15 100% male Age 29 ± 1 BMI 23 ± 1 |
8-h TRE: ad libitum during self-selected eating window | 4 wk | 12-h TRE: ad libitum during self-selected eating window Crossover design |
TRE: −1.1% CON: +0.4% (P > 0.05) |
Not reported |
| Xie et al. (84) |
N = 82 78% female Age 31 ± 1 BMI 22 ± 1 |
1) 8-h early TRE: ad libitum between 0600 and 1500 2) 8-h late TRE: ad libitum between 1100 and 2000 |
5 wk | Baseline eating pattern | Early TRE: −2.6% Late TRE: −0.3% CON: +0.5% (P < 0.05 for early TRE vs. CON only) |
Decreased: fasting glucose, HOMA-IR (both early TRE vs. CON only) No change: blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, plasma TG |
| Martens et al. (71) |
N = 22 55% female Age 67 ± 1 BMI 25 ± 1 |
8-h TRE: self-selected eating window starting between 1000 and 1100, instructed to maintain baseline energy intake | 6 wk | Baseline eating pattern Crossover design |
TRE: −1.1% CON: −1.3% (P > 0.05) |
Increased: total cholesterol, LDL-C Decreased: OGTT glucose AUC No change: fasting glucose, blood pressure, OGTT insulin AUC |
| Allison et al. (250) |
N = 12 58% male Age 26 ± 1 BMI 22 ± 1 |
11-h early TRE: 3 meals and 2 snacks from 0800 to 1900 | 8 wk | 11-h late TRE: 3 meals and 2 snacks from 1200 to 2300 Crossover design |
Early TRE: −1.7% Late TRE: +0.3% (P > 0.05) |
Decreased: HDL-C, HOMA-IR No change: fasting glucose, fasting insulin, total cholesterol, LDL-C, plasma TG |
| Carlson et al. (285) and Stote et al. (286) |
N = 15 67% female Age 45 ± 0.7 BMI 23.4 ± 0.5 Diabetes excluded |
1 meal/day, consumed between 1700 and 2100 Weight maintenance attempted |
8 wk | 3 meals/day Crossover design |
TRE: −0.9% CON: +1.2% (P < 0.05) |
Increased: fasting glucose, OGTT glucose AUC, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C No change: fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, plasma TG |
| Tinsley et al. (86) |
N = 18 100% male Age 22 ± 1 BMI 25 Resistance-trained men |
4-h TRE: 4 days/wk on nonexercise days; ad libitum intake on exercise days Structured resistance training 3 days/wk |
8 wk | Ad libitum intake; resistance training 3 days/wk. | TRE: −1.1% CON: +3.8% (P > 0.05) |
Not reported |
| Tinsley et al. (62) |
N = 40 100% female Age 22 ± 2 BMI 22 Resistance-trained women |
8-h late TRE: ad libitum from 1200 to 2000 Standardized resistance training |
8 wk | Breakfast at time of waking; ad libitum diet throughout day Standardized resistance training |
TRE: +2.4% CON: +0.0% (P > 0.05) |
No change: fasting glucose, fasting insulin, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, plasma TG |
| Brady et al. (68) |
N = 23 100% male Age 38 ± 2 BMI 23 Distance runners |
8-h late TRE: ad libitum from 1200 to 2000 | 8 wk | Controls instructed to maintain eating and exercise habits | TRE: −1% CON: +1% (P < 0.05) |
No change: fasting glucose, insulin, plasma TG |
| Moro et al. (55, 79) |
N = 34 (8 wk) N = 20 (12 mo) 100% male Age 29 ± 4 Resistance-trained men |
8-h late TRE with 3 meals/day at 1300, 1600, and 2000 Standardized resistance training |
Studied at 8 wk and 12 mo | 3 meals/day at 0800, 1300, and 2000 Standardized resistance training |
TRE: −1.2% (at 8 wk); −3.5% (at 12 mo) CON: +0.2% (at 8 wk); +3.2% (at 12 mo) (P < 0.05 at 12 mo) |
Increased: HDL-C, adiponectin Decreased: fasting glucose, fasting insulin, plasma TG, LDL-C, testosterone, IGF-1, leptin No change: total cholesterol |
Age (yr) and body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) are means ± SE (or mean only if SD or SE was not reported) for N subjects. AUC, area under curve; CON, control; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; TG, triglyceride; TRE, time-restricted eating.