Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and outcomes of the CRS-1 and no-CRS-1 cohort in ADHF patients.
| Characteristic | CRS-1 (n = 31) | No-CRS-1 (n = 90) | t/Z/χ2 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 68.3 ± 13.2 | 65.8 ± 12.5 | −0.757 | 0.450 |
| Female, n (%) | 9 (29.0) | 40 (44.4) | 2.273 | 0.132 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.1 ± 4.1 | 24.9 ± 3.6 | −1.029 | 0.305 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 17 (54.8) | 31 (34.4) | 4.007 | 0.045 |
| Recurrent heart failure, n (%) | 19 (61.3) | 36 (40.0) | 4.215 | 0.040 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 134.9 ± 35.8 | 131.3 ± 26.7 | 0.513 | 0.611 |
| Etiology, n (%) | ||||
| Ischemic | 13 (41.9) | 40 (44.4) | 0.059 | 0.805 |
| Hypertensive | 1 (3.2) | 3 (3.3) | 0.001 | 0.977 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 9 (29.0) | 17 (18.9) | 1.406 | 0.236 |
| NYHA class IV, n (%) | 17 (54.8) | 26 (28.9) | 6.778 | 0.009 |
| Medical history, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 23 (74.2) | 55 (61.1) | 1.723 | 0.189 |
| Coronary heart disease | 16 (51.6) | 31 (34.4) | 2.861 | 0.091 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 13 (41.9) | 19 (21.1) | 5.140 | 0.023 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 12 (38.7) | 4 (4.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Stage 2 | 1 (3.2) | 2 (2.2) | – | – |
| Stage 3 | 2 (6.4) | 2 (2.2) | – | – |
| Stage 4 | 9 (29.0) | 0 (0.0) | – | – |
| Pulmonary rales n (%) | 18 (58.1) | 31 (34.4) | 5.339 | 0.021 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| Hemoglobin , g/L (Ref: 130 ∼ 175) | 116.5 ± 26.0 | 134.2 ± 24.8 | −3.385 | 0.001 |
| uCr, mmol/L (Ref: 5300.0 ∼ 18000.0) | 4741.0 (2846.0, 6625.0) | 7775.0 (4512.0, 11222.3) | −2.737 | 0.006 |
| Blood creatinine, μmol/L (Ref: 57.0 ∼ 111.0) | 172.7 ± 104.1 | 79.3 ± 23.8 | 4.951 | <0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L (Ref: 3.60 ∼ 9.50) | 14.01 ± 9.11 | 6.69 ± 2.71 | 4.407 | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 (Ref: 80.0 ∼ 120.0) | 55.2 (30.6, 72.3) | 66.1 (44.7, 79.5) | –3.937 | <0.001 |
| Sodium, mmol/L (Ref: 137.0 ∼ 147.0) | 136.2 ± 5.2 | 140.8 ± 4.0 | –7.709 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L (Ref: 2.80 ∼ 5.17) | 3.65 ± 1.14 | 4.13 ± 1.14 | –2.022 | 0.045 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L (Ref: <3.37) | 2.30 ± 0.82 | 2.59 ± 0.92 | –1.554 | 0.123 |
| HbA1c, % (Ref: 3.0 ∼ 6.0) | 7.14 ± 1.44 | 6.74 ± 1.74 | 1.515 | 0.252 |
| cTnI, ng/mL (Ref: <0.02) | 0.08 (0.04, 0.58) | 0.09 (0.04, 1.77) | –0.375 | 0.707 |
| Plasma BNP, pg/m (Ref: <100.0) | 1818.0 (1124.5, 3230.0) | 678.5 (305.3, 1137.9) | –4.562 | <0.001 |
| Plasma NT-proBNP, pg/mL (Ref: <300.0) | 8106.0 (4220.0, 17800.0) | 2099.4 (1003.6, 5136.8) | –5.267 | <0.001 |
| Urinary NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 2375.0 (922.8, 4416.0) | 151.5 (57.0, 314.7) | –7.184 | <0.001 |
| uNT-proBNP/uCr ratio, pg/nmol | 415.8 (224.7, 1036.1) | 22.6 (7.8, 54.3) | –7.184 | <0.001 |
| Plasma NGAL, ng/mL | 93.0 ± 69.0 | 35.8 ± 16.8 | 6.966 | <0.001 |
| Plasma PENK, pg/mL | 90.8 (60.6, 145.5) | 38.3 (27.1, 52.6) | –6.612 | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary edema (X-ray), n (%) | 19 (61.3) | 34 (37.8) | 5.179 | 0.023 |
| Echocardiogram | ||||
| LVEF, % | 40.9 ± 13.0 | 48.9 ± 15.4 | –2.590 | 0.011 |
| Left atrial diameter, mm | 47.0 (41.0, 50.0) | 41.0 (37.0, 47.3) | –2.869 | 0.004 |
| LVEDD, mm | 62.5 ± 12.1 | 53.6 ± 11.2 | 3.738 | <0.001 |
| Treatment, n (%) | ||||
| Loop diuretics | 30 (96.8) | 89 (98.9) | 0.448 | 0.448 |
| ARA | 30 (96.8) | 86 (95.6) | 1.000 | 0.620 |
| Beta-blocker | 21 (67.7) | 64 (71.1) | 0.125 | 0.723 |
| ACEI or ARB | 11 (35.5) | 29 (32.2) | 0.111 | 0.739 |
| ARNI | 14 (45.2) | 23 (25.6) | 4.175 | 0.041 |
| rh-BNP | 21 (67.7) | 45(50.0) | 2.927 | 0.087 |
| SGLT2i | 2 (6.5) | 11 (12.2) | 0.511 | 0.300 |
| Outcomes 90 d after discharge, n (%) | ||||
| All-cause Death | 6 (19.4) | 1 (1.1) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| HF readmission | 6 (19.4) | 9 (10.0) | 0.208 | 0.148 |
| All-cause death or HF readmission | 12 (38.7) | 10 (11.1) | 11.806 | 0.001 |
CRS-1: cardiorenal syndrome type 1; ADHF: acute decompensated heart failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; Ref: reference range; uCr: urine creatinine; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; cTnI: cardiac troponin I; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; uNT-proBNP: urine N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; PENK: proenkephalin; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI: sacubitril/valsartan; ARA: aldosterone receptor antagonists; rh-BNP: recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide; SGLT2i: Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors.