Table 1.

Various preclinical investigations have investigated the effect of polyphenols in combating OS and in the after of SCI.

Polyphenol	Dose/concentration	Study model	Pharmacological mode of actions	References
Epigallocatechin gallate	50 mg/kg (i.p), instantly and one h after SCI	Female SD rats	Diminished Bax and MDA; improved Bcl-2	[65]
	30 mg/kg (i.p.); 7 days after SCI	Female BALB/c mice	Decreased TNF-α and RhoA	[67]
	10, 20 mg/kg (i.t)	Female SD rats	Decreased Bax; increased Bcl-2 and BDNF	[156]
	25 mg/kg (p.o), 1 and 6 h later to SCI	Male adult CD1 mice	Decreased Bax, TNF-α, MPO, MDA, NF-κB, iNOS, PARP; increased Bcl-2	[157]
Resveratrol	1 and 10 mg/kg (p.o); 30 min earlier to SCI	Wistar male rats	Decreased NO and MDA	[159]
	400 mg/kg (p.o.); 10 days after SCI	SD male rats	Decreased MDA and IL-6
	50, 100 mg/kg (i.p.)	SD male and female rats	Decreased MDA; improved Na+, K+-ATPase activities	[160]
	200 mg/kg (i.p.); until three days after SCI	SD rats	Decreased MDA, MPO, IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α; increased SOD	[79]
	50, 100, 200 mg/kg (i.v.); until seven days after SCI	Female mice	Decreased p38MAPK; NF-κB	[158]
	100 mg/kg (i.p.)	Long Evans female rats	Decreased MDA, NO, and TBARS	[161]
	200 mg/kg (i.p.); directly after SCI	Wistar male rats	Enhanced SOD, GPx, and CAT	[162]
	100 mg/kg (i.p), directly after SCI	Male SD rats	Diminished TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and mTOR; enhanced AMPK, LC3, and Beclin-1	[81]
	200 mg/kg (i.p), Immediately after SCI	Male C57BL/6 mice	Decreased Bax; increased Bcl-2, LC3, and Beclin-1	[83]
Quercetin	10,100mg/kg (i.p), first 3 days after SCI	Wistar male rats	Decreased MDA and NO	[103]
	100 mg/kg (i.p.) for three days following SCI	Male SD rats	Decreased ROS, IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α	[108]
	20 mg/kg (i.p.), twice per day for seven days following SCI	Wistar albino rats	Decreased MDA, IL-6, TNF-α, and caspase-3	[105]
	Up until ten days following SCI, 7.5 mg/kg (i.p.), two times per day	Female SD rats	Decreased TNF-α, iNOS, NF-κB, and IL 12; enhanced IL-4 IL-10, and TGF-β	[107]
Honokiol	20 mg/kg (i.p.)	Female SD rats	Decreased MPO, iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α	[126]
	50, 100 mg/kg (i.p.), until three days following SCI	Female SD mice	Decreased MDA, ROS, and TNF-α	[163]
Curcumin	100 mg/kg (i.p), 15 min following SCI	Male SD rats,	Decreased IL6, IL1β, TNF-α, NF-κB, and TLR4	[164]
	200 mg/kg (i.p), 1week before SCI	Male Wistar albino rats	Degraded caspase-3, IL1β, TNF-α, MDA, SOD, and GSH	[145]
	60 mg/kg (i.t), directly after SCI, until three weeks, once weekly	Wistar rats	Decreased IL4, IL1β, IL12, and TNF-α,	[143]
	200 mg/kg (i.m), until eight weeks after SCI	Male SD rats	Decreased caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2	[140]
	60 mg/kg (i.m), 30 min after SCI, until three weeks	Male SD rats	Decreased mTOR, p62, and Akt	[165]
Naringin	50, 100 mg/kg (p.o.), three days before SCI until seven days after SCI	Male SD rats	Diminished TNF-α, IL8, IL-1β, and IL-6	[166]
	20 mg/kg (i.p.), directly and one h after SCI	Female SD rats	Reduced MDA and Bax; enhanced Bcl-2 and GSH	[167]
	50, 100 mg/kg (i.p), 1week before SCI	Female SD rats	Decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, MPO, MDA, and SOD; increased GSH, and CAT	[168]
	20, 40 mg/kg (p.o), until six weeks after SCI	Female SD rats	Decreased caspase-3 and Bax; increased Bcl-2 and BDNF	[151]
Apocynin	0.1 mg/kg (i.t)	Male SD rats,	Decreased ROS	[169]
	100 mg/kg (i.p)	Male SD rats	Decreased Caspase-1, ROS, NF-κB, JNK, and p38	[170]
	5 mg/kg (i.p), 1 and 6 h after SCI	Male CD1 mice	Decreased NADPH oxidase, JNK, p38, FasL, MPO, and Bcl-2	[171]
	5 mg/kg (i.p), 1 and 6 h after SCI until 1week	C57BL/6 female mice	Decreased ROS	[172]
Carvacrol	25,75 and 150 mg/kg (i.p)	Male SD rats	Diminished TNF-α, IL-1β, MPO, and NF-κB	[173]
Hesperidin	100 mg/kg; 7 days before SCI until seven days after SCI	Female SD rats	Decreased IL-1β, NF-κB, and PARP; increased SOD, HO-1, and p-p38	[174]
Rutin	30 mg/kg (i.p.)	Rats	Diminished MDA; IL-6; TNF-α; and NF-κB; increased SOD; GSH; CAT	[175]
	30 mg/kg (i.p.), until 3 days	Male SD rats	Decreased TNF-α; MDA; ROS; TGF-β1; and Smad2	[176]
Mangiferin	20, 40 mg/kg (i.p.), until 30 days after SCI	Male SD rats	Decreased MDA, NF-κB; increased SOD, GPx, and CAT	[177]
	10, 25, 50 mg/kg (i.p.)	SD rats	Decreased MDA, NF-κB, TNF-α, and caspase-9; increased CAT, SOD, and GSH	[178]
	0.2 mg/kg (i.p.), 1 h after SCI	Male SD rats	Decreased iNOS, p38MAPK, MDA, and SOD	[92]
	0.25 μmol/kg (i.p.), 1 h after SCI	Wistar male rats	Decreased MPO	[102]
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester	10 μL; 1 μg/kg (i.t.), 1 h after SCI	Wistar female mice	Decreased MDA, SOD, and TOA; increased TAC	[179]
	10 μg/kg (i.p.), 30 min after SCI	Wistar female rats	Increased IL-1β, and TNF-α	[180]
Tanshinone IIA	50 mg/kg (i.p) 1h before SCI (20 mg/kg) until 7 days after SCI	Male SD rats	Decreased TNF-α, NF-κB, MAPK, and JNK	[181]
Eugenol	25, 50 mg/kg (p.o), until seven weeks after SCI	Female SD rats	Decreased, NF-κB, and iNOS; increased SOD, and CAT	[182]