Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study participants according to the number of social participation (n = 11,982).
| Number of social participation | P-valuesa | ||||
|
| |||||
| None | One activity |
Two activities |
Three activities |
||
| Number of subjects | 4,641 | 2,630 | 2,084 | 2,627 | |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 75.1 (6.5) | 73.1 (5.7) | 72.7 (5.5) | 72.1 (4.9) | <0.001 |
| Men, % | 39.0 | 42.0 | 50.9 | 58.4 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) |
23.4 (3.7) | 23.5 (3.3) | 23.6 (3.1) | 23.9 (3.0) | <0.001 |
| Current smokers, % | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.6 | 14.2 | <0.001 |
| Time spent walking <0.5 h/d, % |
46.1 | 33.7 | 30.7 | 24.5 | <0.001 |
| Depression,b % | 40.2 | 26.0 | 20.4 | 14.0 | <0.001 |
| History of disease, % | |||||
| Hypertension | 45.0 | 44.9 | 41.9 | 41.1 | 0.002 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 12.6 | 11.9 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 0.334 |
| Stroke | 3.8 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.0 | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 5.6 | 4.6 | 5.5 | 4.0 | 0.011 |
| Cancer | 9.7 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 8.6 | 0.278 |
SD, standard deviation.
aObtained by using X2 test for variables of proportion and one-factor ANOVA for continuous variables (missing value exclude).
bDepression and Suicide Screen score ≥2.