Table 2. HRsa and 95% CIs of mortality associated with ginseng use, Shanghai Women’s Health Study.
| Ginseng Consumption | Adjusted HR (95% CI)a | Adjusted HR (95% CI)a | Adjusted HR (95% CI)a | Adjusted HR (95% CI)a | ||||
| among all subjectsb | among consumers for general health benefitsc |
among consumers for specific health benefits against existing illnessd |
among consumers for other reasonse |
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| Deaths (N) | Total Users | Deaths (N) | Total Users | Deaths (N) | Total Users | Deaths (N) | Total Users | |
| All causes | ||||||||
| Never | 3,427 | 1.00 | 3,427 | 1.00 | 3,427 | 1.00 | 3,427 | 1.00 |
| Ever | 1,681 | 0.92 (0.87–0.98) | 1,533 | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | 186 | 1.09 (0.94–1.27) | 50 | 0.85 (0.64–1.12) |
| American/White ginseng | 1,578 | 0.92 (0.87–0.98) | 1,437 | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | 138 | 1.24 (1.03–1.48) | 7 | 0.88 (0.43–1.79) |
| Cardiovascular diseases | ||||||||
| Never | 1,049 | 1.00 | 1,049 | 1.00 | 1,049 | 1.00 | 1,049 | 1.00 |
| Ever | 575 | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 531 | 0.91 (0.82–0.99) | 54 | 0.93 (0.70–1.24) | 16 | 0.88 (0.53–1.45) |
| American/White ginseng | 544 | 0.93 (0.84–1.04) | 504 | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | 40 | 1.04 (0.74–1.45) | 4 | 1.96 (0.76–5.06) |
| Cancer | ||||||||
| Never | 1,551 | 1.00 | 1,551 | 1.00 | 1,551 | 1.00 | 1,551 | 1.00 |
| Ever | 703 | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 657 | 0.96 (0.87–1.05) | 67 | 1.04 (0.81–1.34) | 25 | 0.98 (0.66–1.46) |
| American/White ginseng | 655 | 0.95 (0.87–1.05) | 611 | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) | 42 | 1.03 (0.75–1.41) | 2 | 0.49 (0.12–1.95) |
| Other disease causes | ||||||||
| Never | 827 | 1.00 | 827 | 1.00 | 827 | 1.00 | 827 | 1.00 |
| Ever | 403 | 0.85 (0.75–0.96) | 345 | 0.79 (0.69–0.90) | 65 | 1.31 (1.01–1.69) | 9 | 0.59 (0.32–1.11) |
| American/White ginseng | 379 | 0.86 (0.76–0.97) | 322 | 0.79 (0.69–0.90) | 56 | 1.69 (1.27–2.24) | 1 | 0.57 (0.08–4.15) |
CI, confidence interval, HR, hazard ratio.
aAdjustment: age, income, marriage status, education, menopause status, comorbidity (hypertension, diabetes), exercise, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, diet, vitamin and calcium supplements.
bOf the 14,270 participants who ever regularly consumed ginseng, 13,830 consumed American/White ginseng.
cOf the 13,308 participants who ever regularly consumed ginseng for general health benefits, 12,922 consumed American/White ginseng.
dOf the 869 participants who ever regularly consumed ginseng specific health benefits against existing illness, 821 consumed American/White ginseng.
eOf the 107 participants who ever regularly consumed ginseng for other reason, 101 consumed American/White ginseng.