Table 3. HR^a and 95% CI of mortality associated with duration of consuming either American or White ginseng among individuals who consumed ginseng for perceived general benefit for enhancement of health, Shanghai Women’s Health Study.

Cause of deaths		Duration of ginseng use, years
	Never Use (N = 41,431)	<3 (N = 3,089)	3–5.99 (N = 3,976)	≥6 (N = 5,319)	P for trend
All causes
Deaths (N)	3,427	318	445	611
HR (95% CI)	1.00	0.98 (0.87–1.10)	0.90 (0.81–0.99)	0.85 (0.78–0.92)	<0.001
Cardiovascular diseases
Deaths (N)	1,049	113	162	208
HR (95% CI)	1.00	1.07 (0.88–1.30)	0.94 (0.79–1.11)	0.83 (0.71–0.96)	0.019
Cancer
Deaths (N)	1,551	141	178	264
HR (95% CI)	1.00	1.05 (0.88–1.25)	0.90 (0.77–1.06)	0.91 (0.80–1.04)	0.100
Other causes
Deaths (N)	827	64	105	139
HR (95% CI)	1.00	0.77 (0.59–0.99)	0.82 (0.67–1.00)	0.76 (0.63–0.91)	0.001

CI, confidence interval, HR, hazard ratio.

^aModels adjusted for age, income, marriage status, education, menopause status, comorbidity (hypertension, diabetes), exercise, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, diet, vitamin and calcium supplements.

Participants (N = 538) with missing data on duration of ginseng use were excluded.