Table 4. HRsa and 95% CIs of mortality associated with amount of consuming either American or White ginseng among individuals who consumed ginseng for perceived general benefit for enhancement of health, Shanghai Women’s Health Study.
| Cause of deaths | Never Use (N = 41,431) |
Amount of ginseng use, grams/year | |||
|
| |||||
| <375 (N = 4,270) |
375–749.99 (N = 5,095) |
≥750 (N = 3,557) |
P-trend | ||
| All causes | |||||
| Deaths (N) | 3,427 | 466 | 603 | 368 | 0.017 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.78–0.94) | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | |
| Cardiovascular diseases | |||||
| Deaths (N) | 1,049 | 160 | 197 | 147 | 0.989 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.69–0.97) | 0.89 (0.76–1.03) | 1.15 (0.96–1.38) | |
| Cancer | |||||
| Deaths (N) | 1,551 | 216 | 247 | 148 | 0.110 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.88–1.17) | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | 0.87 (0.72–1.02) | |
| Other causes | |||||
| Deaths (N) | 827 | 90 | 159 | 73 | 0.005 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.64 (0.51–0.80) | 0.95 (0.80–1.12) | 0.71 (0.55–0.91) | |
CI, confidence interval, HR, hazard ratio.
aAdjustment: age, income, marriage status, education, menopause status, comorbidity (hypertension, diabetes), exercise, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, diet, vitamin and calcium supplements.
All HRs and 95% CI are calculated compared with never users.