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. 2022 Aug 29;12:14683. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14395-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Evaluating the cluster homogeneity of European samples. PCA was applied to the four European populations (Tuscan Italians [TSI], Northern and Western Europeans from Utah [CEU], British [GBR], and Spanish [IBS]) alone (A), together with an African and Asian population (B), as well as South Asian population (C), and finally with all the 1000 Genomes Populations (D). (E) Evaluating the usefulness of PCA-based clustering. The bottom two plots show the sizes of non-homogeneous and homogeneous clusters, and the top three plots show the proportion of individuals in homogeneous clusters. Each plot shows the results for 10 or 20 random African, European, or Asian populations for the same PCs (x-axis).