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. 2022 Aug 29;12:14683. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14395-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Testing the effects of missingness and noise in a PCA of six fixed-size (n = 50) samples from color populations. The top plots show the effect of missingness alone or combined with noise: (A) 50% missingness, (B) 90% missingness, and (C) 90% missingness and low-level random noise in all the markers. The bottom plots test the effect of noise when added to the original markers in the above plots using: (D) 30 random markers, (E) 300 random markers, and (F) 3000 random markers. Colors include Red [1,0,0], Green [0,1,0], Blue [0,0,1], Cyan [0,1,1], Yellow [1,1,0], and Black [0,0,0].