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. 2022 Aug 29;12:14683. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14395-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Inferring single individual ancestries using reference individuals. In (A) Using even-sized samples from reference populations (n = 37): Red [1,0,0], Green [0,1,0], bright Cyan [0, 0.9, 0.8], dark Cyan [0, 0.9, 0.6], heterogeneous darker Cyan [0, 0.9, 0.4] with high standard deviation (0.25) with a light Green test individual [0, 0.5, 0]. In (B) Using the same reference populations as in (A) with uneven-sizes: Red (n = 15), Green (n = 15), bright Cyan (n = 100), dark Cyan (n = 15), heterogeneous darker Cyan (n = 100), with a Yellow test indiviaul (1,1,0). In (C) A heterogeneous Cyan population [0, 1, 1] (n = 300) with high standard deviation (0.25) and a Grey test individual (0.5, 0.5, 0.5). In (D) Red [1,0,0] (n = 10), Green [0,1,0] (n = 10), a heterogeneous population [1, 1, 0.5] (n = 200) and a Blue test individual (0,0,1).